ZigBee is a short-range wireless networking standard backed by such industry leaders as Motorola, Texas Instruments, Philips, Samsung, Siemens, Freescale, etc. It supports mesh networking, each node can transmit and receive data, offers high security and robustness, and is being rapidly adopted in industrial, control/monitoring, and medical applications. This book will explain the ZigBee protocol, discuss the design of ZigBee hardware, and describe how to design and implement ZigBee networks. The book has a dedicated website for the latest technical updates, ZigBee networking calculators, and additional materials. Dr. Farahani is a ZigBee system engineer for Freescale semiconductors Inc.
Author(s): Farahani S.
Publisher: Newnes
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 364
Front Cover......Page 1
ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
Abbreviations......Page 22
1.1 What Is ZigBee?......Page 26
1.2 ZigBee versus Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11......Page 27
1.3 Short-Range Wireless Networking Classes......Page 28
1.4 The Relationship Between ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Standards......Page 29
1.5 Frequencies of Operation and Data Rates......Page 31
1.6 Interoperability......Page 33
1.8 Device Roles......Page 34
1.9 ZigBee Networking Topologies......Page 35
1.10.1 CSMA-CA......Page 37
1.10.3 Data Transfer Methods......Page 38
1.10.5 Addressing......Page 40
1.13 ZigBee Self-Forming and Self-Healing Characteristics......Page 41
1.14.1 PHY Layer......Page 42
1.14.2 MAC Layer......Page 44
1.14.3 The NWK Layer......Page 46
1.14.5 Security......Page 47
References......Page 48
2.1.1 Security Systems......Page 50
2.1.2 Meter-Reading Systems......Page 51
2.1.4 Light Control Systems......Page 52
2.1.5 Multizone HVAC Systems......Page 53
2.3.1 Asset Management and Personnel Tracking......Page 54
2.3.2 Livestock Tracking......Page 55
2.4 Healthcare......Page 56
References......Page 57
3.1 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Layers......Page 58
3.2.1 Channel Assignments......Page 59
3.2.3 Carrier Sense......Page 61
3.2.5 Clear Channel Assessment......Page 62
3.2.6 The PHY Constants and Attributes......Page 63
3.2.7 PHY Services......Page 64
3.2.8 The Service Primitives......Page 67
3.2.9 PHY Packet Format......Page 69
3.2.10 Summary of the PHY Layer Responsibilities......Page 71
3.3 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer......Page 72
3.3.1 Beacon-Enabled Operation and Superframe Structure......Page 73
3.3.2 The Interframe Spacing......Page 76
3.3.3 CSMA-CA......Page 77
3.3.4 MAC Services......Page 81
3.3.5 The MAC Frame Format......Page 93
3.3.6 The MAC Promiscuous Mode of Operation......Page 103
3.3.7 Summary of the MAC Layer Responsibilities......Page 104
3.4 The ZigBee NWK Layer......Page 105
3.4.1 Broadcasting......Page 106
3.4.2 Multicasting......Page 108
3.4.3 Many-to-One Communication......Page 110
3.4.4 Hierarchical (Tree) Topology......Page 111
3.4.6 Routing......Page 115
3.4.7 Route Discovery......Page 119
3.4.8 Route Maintenance and Repair......Page 122
3.4.9 The NWK Layer Data Service......Page 123
3.4.10 The NWK Layer Management Service......Page 124
3.4.11 The NWK Layer Frame Formats......Page 127
3.4.12 Summary of the NWK Layer Responsibilities......Page 134
3.5 The APL Layer......Page 135
3.5.1 The Application Framework......Page 136
3.5.2 The ZigBee Device Objects......Page 142
3.5.3 The APS Sublayer......Page 144
3.6 Security Services......Page 147
3.6.1 Encryption......Page 148
3.6.2 Authentication......Page 151
3.6.3 The Auxiliary Frame Header Format......Page 154
3.6.4 The APS Sublayer Security Commands......Page 155
3.6.5 Security Attack Examples......Page 158
3.6.6 Summary of the Security Services......Page 159
References......Page 160
4.1 Typical IEEE 802.15.4 Transceiver Building Blocks......Page 162
4.2 Receiver Sensitivity......Page 164
4.3 Adjacent and Alternate Channel-Jamming Resistance Tests......Page 165
4.4 The Modulation and Spreading Methods for 2.4 GHz Operation......Page 167
4.5 Modulation and Spreading Methods for 868/915 MHz Operation......Page 175
4.6 Transmitter Output Power......Page 180
4.6.2 Transmit Power Adjustment......Page 181
4.7 Error Vector Magnitude......Page 182
4.10 Turnaround Time......Page 183
4.11 Crystal Selection Considerations......Page 184
4.11.1 Safety Factor......Page 186
4.11.2 Drive Level......Page 187
4.11.6 Crystal Pullability......Page 188
4.11.7 Crystal Overtones......Page 189
4.12 Analog-to-Digital Converters......Page 190
References......Page 194
5.1 Path Loss......Page 196
5.3 Signal Penetration......Page 199
5.4 Reflection, Scattering, and Diffraction......Page 201
5.5 Multipath Environment......Page 202
5.5.2 Multipath Null......Page 204
5.5.5 Effect of Signal Spreading on Multipath Performance......Page 205
5.6 Doppler Frequency Shift......Page 206
5.7 Site Survey......Page 208
5.8.1 Range Improvement Techniques......Page 209
5.9 Antenna Selection Considerations......Page 212
5.9.1 Antenna Gain......Page 213
5.9.2 Antenna Radiation Pattern Graphs......Page 214
5.9.4 Antenna Impedance......Page 215
5.9.5 Power Transfer Efficiency......Page 216
5.9.7 Antenna Polarization......Page 218
5.9.8 Antenna Options......Page 219
5.10 Regulatory Requirements......Page 225
5.10.1 Brief Overview of FCC Regulations......Page 226
5.10.2 FCC Certification of Compliance......Page 227
5.10.4 CE Conformity Marking......Page 228
5.10.5 Brief Overview of Japanese Regulations......Page 229
References......Page 230
6.1 Battery Discharge Characteristics......Page 232
6.2 A Simple Battery Life Calculation Method......Page 233
6.3 Battery Monitoring......Page 235
6.4.1 Hardware-Level Considerations......Page 236
6.4.2 Network Operation Efficiency......Page 239
6.4.3 Energy-Efficient Routing......Page 241
6.5 Buck Converters......Page 247
References......Page 248
7.1 Introduction......Page 250
7.2 Received Signal Strength-Based Locationing Algorithms......Page 254
7.2.1 RSSI-Based Location Estimation Using Trilateration......Page 255
7.2.2 Sources of Error in RSSI-Based Location Estimation......Page 258
7.2.3 Location Estimation Based on Location Fingerprinting......Page 260
7.2.4 Cooperative Location Estimation......Page 266
7.3 Angle-of-Arrival-Based Algorithms......Page 267
7.4 Time-Based Algorithms (ToA and TDoA)......Page 268
7.5 The Computational Complexity......Page 270
References......Page 271
8.1 Introduction......Page 272
8.2 ZigBee Noncollaborative Coexistence Mechanisms......Page 274
8.2.3 Signal Spreading......Page 275
8.2.5 Mesh Networking and Location-Aware Routing......Page 276
8.3 Coexistence with IEEE 802.11b/g......Page 277
8.4 Coexistence with Bluetooth......Page 281
8.5 Coexistence with Microwave Ovens......Page 282
8.6 Coexistence with Cordless Phones......Page 283
References......Page 284
9.1 IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 (6LoWPAN)......Page 286
9.2 WirelessHART......Page 288
9.3 Z-wave......Page 290
9.4 Ultra-Low-Power Bluetooth (Wibree)......Page 291
9.5 TinyOS......Page 292
References......Page 293
A.1 PSSS Code Tables......Page 294
Appendix B: ZigBee Device Profile Services......Page 298
Appendix C: DSSS Symbol-to-Chip Mapping Tables......Page 308
Appendix D: ZigBee-Pro/2007......Page 310
D.3 Security......Page 311
D.4 Routing......Page 312
References......Page 314
E.2 Receiver Chain Building Blocks......Page 316
E.2.1 LNA......Page 318
E.2.2 Mixer......Page 319
E.2.3 Base-Band Filter and AGC......Page 320
E.2.4 DC Offset Correction......Page 322
E.2.6 Receiver Digital Baseband......Page 325
E.3.1 PSM......Page 326
E.3.2 PA......Page 329
E.4 Frequency Generation......Page 332
E.5 Power Management......Page 340
E.6 Microcontrollers......Page 342
E.6.3 8051......Page 343
E.7.1 SPI......Page 344
E.7.3 JTAG Boundary Scan Interface......Page 345
E.8 Packaging......Page 346
E.8.1 QFP and QFN Packages......Page 347
E.8.2 BGA and LGA Packages......Page 348
References......Page 349
E......Page 350
R......Page 351
Z......Page 352
B......Page 354
C......Page 355
F......Page 356
J......Page 357
M......Page 358
N......Page 359
P......Page 360
S......Page 361
T......Page 362
Z......Page 363
