Young People, Violence and Strategic Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Foreword
Cause for Celebration: And Call to Action
Contents
Chapter 1: Setting the Scene
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Focusing on Violence
1.3 Research on Violence Affecting Young People: Knowledge and Gaps
1.4 Violence Prevention Interventions Among Young People: What Works?
1.5 Embracing Clinical Sociology: Chapter Summaries
1.6 Digital Interventions to Address Violence in Africa
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Protecting Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa Against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence via Sexual and Reproductive ...
2.1 Introduction and Background
2.2 Legal and Policy Landscape of SRHR and VAC in Selected African Countries
2.3 Key Drivers of Violence Against Children and Young People in Africa
2.4 Effective Linking to SRHR as an Approach to Prevent and Effectively Respond to Violence and SGBV
2.5 SRHR Services and Support for Young People During the COVID-19 Pandemic
2.6 Barriers and Supportive Factors for Linking Young People to SRHR Services and Support: Findings of Qualitative Study
2.6.1 Key Barriers to Accessing SRHR Services and Support
2.6.2 Supportive Factors in Relation to Linking Young People to SRHR Services and Support
2.6.2.1 Creating Supportive Environments: Youth-Friendly Services and Safe Spaces
2.6.2.2 Being Supportive of Young People´s Evolving Capacities: Providing Comprehensive Information and Meaningful Youth Parti...
2.6.2.3 Building Supportive SRHR Communities: Collaboration Between Organizations and Adopting Community Approaches
2.6.2.4 Creating Supportive SRHR Legal Environments
2.6.2.5 Impact of COVID-19 on Civil Society Organizations
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: A Study of Internet-Facilitated Violence Against Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Sub-Saharan Africa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cyberviolence as a Form of Gender-Based Violence
3.3 Defining Forms of Cyberviolence Against Women and Girls in SSA
3.4 The Scope of the Cyber VAWG Problem During the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.5 Methodology
3.6 Analysis of Reports from International Organizations
3.7 Identified Themes
3.7.1 Lack of Data
3.7.2 Increased Assault During COVID-19
3.7.3 Shame and Fear
3.7.4 Hidden Identity
3.7.5 Victim Blaming
3.7.6 Poverty and Ignorance
3.7.7 Emotional Scarring
3.7.8 Unresponsive Law Enforcement
3.7.9 Example of the Effort of South African Government
3.8 Suggestions to Prevent and Counter Online Violence
3.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Young Masculinities and Violence in South Africa: Reflections on the Literature
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.3 Overview of the Literature
4.4 Multi-level Analyses of Gender and Violence
4.5 Reflections on the Literature
4.6 Troubling Marginality and Hegemony in Research on Boys
4.7 Emerging Pathways of Research
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Impact of Xenophobic Violence Against Immigrant Youth Informal Traders: Evidence from Durban, South Africa
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.2.1 Cause of Xenophobic Attacks
5.2.2 Impact of Xenophobic Violence
5.3 Theoretical Discussion
5.4 Methodology
5.5 Data Analysis
5.5.1 Participants and the Nature of Their Informal Trading Activities
5.5.2 Significance of Informal Trading Activities and Choice of Trading Site
5.5.3 Triggers of Xenophobic Violence
5.5.4 Economic Losses: Livelihood Impact of the 2020/2021 Xenophobic Violence in the Durban CBD
5.5.4.1 Disruption of Business and Loss of Income
5.5.4.2 Loss of Goods and Equipment
5.5.4.3 Difficulty to Meet Basic Needs
5.5.5 Physical and Mental Impacts
5.5.5.1 The Physical and Mental Impact
5.6 Coping Mechanisms
5.6.1 Savings and Casual Income-Making Strategies
5.6.2 Donations from Individuals and Organizations
5.6.3 Suffering and Patience
5.6.4 Religiosity and Spirituality
5.7 Recommended Interventions
5.7.1 Protection and Security
5.7.2 Opportunities
5.8 Discussion
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Heteronormativity in Health Settings: Realities of LGBT Youth´s Access to Healthcare in South Africa
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Understanding Structural Violence Confronting LGBT in Healthcare
6.3 Researching Experiences of LGBT Youth: Methods
6.4 Barriers in Healthcare for LGBT Youth
6.4.1 Disenfranchising Health System
6.4.2 Instilled Principles of Heteronormativity
6.4.3 Persistent Cisgenderism in Health Settings
6.4.4 Inherent Paternalism
6.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 7: ``Secure the Bag´´: Young Women´s Agencies Toward Better Versus Bare Realities During COVID
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Approach to Study
7.3 Data Collection Process
7.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
7.5 Intimate Relationships Are a Gateway to Better Socio-economic Experiences
7.6 Townships Spaces as Influences on Young Women´s Economic Agencies
7.7 Transactional Sexual Relations as Shaped by Township Intersectionality
7.8 Securing the Bag Within Vulnerabilities
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Youth Challenges in Namibia During COVID-19: Engaging Joblessness, Violence, and E-Learning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Situational Analysis of Namibian Youth
8.2.1 Poverty and Youth Unemployment
8.3 COVID-19 Precautionary Measures and Regulations
8.4 Implications of COVID-19 Regulations on Youth Activities
8.4.1 COVID-19 and Its Effect on SGBV Among the Youth
8.4.2 COVID-19 Amplifies Youth Violence
8.4.3 Effect of COVID-19 on Youth Joblessness
8.4.4 Land and Housing Needs Among the Youth
8.4.5 Implications of COVID-19 Regulations on Youth Education
8.4.5.1 COVID-19 Lockdowns and Closure of Schools and Tertiary Institutions in Namibia
8.4.5.2 Opportunities and Challenges to Effective E-Learning in Namibia During COVID-19
8.4.5.3 Consequences of School Closures on the Youth
8.4.6 Implications of COVID-19 on Youth´s Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH)
8.5 Call to Action to Address Youth Vulnerabilities Resulting from COVID-19
References
Chapter 9: Catalyzing Action on Intimate Partner Violence Against Pregnant Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Zambia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background: IPV Globally and in Africa
9.2.1 Violence Against Women and Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa
9.2.2 Risk Factors of IPV
9.2.3 Consequences of IPV During Pregnancy
9.3 COVID-19 and IPV: One Pandemic Within Another
9.4 Addressing IPV: Lessons from a Zambian Study
9.4.1 A Lusaka, Zambia Case Study on IPV and Pregnant Adolescent Girls and Young Women
9.4.2 WHO Violence Prevention Frameworks
9.4.3 Factors Driving IPV in Zambian Communities
9.5 Danger Assessment (DA) and Safety Planning to Prevent IPV
9.6 Impact of the Danger Assessment Tool in Zambia
9.7 Using the INSPIRE Framework to Address Study Findings in Zambia
9.7.1 Other Health and Social Policy Recommendations
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Males´ Experiences of Gender-Based Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A Review of Literature
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methods
10.2.1 Data Analysis and Synthesis
10.3 Key Findings and Discussion
10.3.1 Males´ Experience of GBV in SSA
10.3.2 Causes and Permutations of GBV Among Males in the SSA Region
10.3.3 GBV Legislations in SSA Region
10.3.4 COVID-19 Pandemic and GBV in SSA
10.3.5 Prognosis: Roles of Key Stakeholders in Eradicating Violence
10.4 Conclusion
10.5 Study Limitations and Strengths
References
Chapter 11: Youth Exclusion and Violence as Intervention: The EndSARS Protest as Metaphor in Nigeria
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Context of Youth Exclusion in Nigeria
11.2.1 The EndSARS Protest
11.3 The (Social) Media, the Diaspora, and International Community
11.4 The Youths and EndSARS Protest in the Era of COVID-19: Lessons for Nigeria and Africa-Concluding Remarks
References
Index