You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking like a Sociologist (Sixth Edition)

You May ask Yourself
Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Part 1: Using Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction
The Sociological Imagination
How to Be a Sociologist according to Quentin Tarantino: A Scene from Pulp Fiction
What Are the True Costs and Returns of College?
Getting That “Piece of Paper”
What Is a Social Institution?
The Sociology of Sociology
Two centuries of Sociology
Auguste Comte and the Creation of Sociology
Classical Sociological Theory
American Sociology
Modern Sociological Theories
Sociology and Its Cousins
History
Anthropology
The Psychological and Biological Sciences
Economics and Political Science
Divisions within Sociology
Microsociology and Macrosociology
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Seeing Sociologically
Chapter 2: Methods
Research 101
Causality versus Correlation
Variables
Hypothesis Testing
Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability
Role of the Researcher
Choosing Your Method
Data Collection
Samples: They're Not Just the Free Tastes at the Supermarket
Ethics of Social Research
Policy: The Political Battle over Statistical Sampling
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Sociology, What Is It Good For?
Chapter 3: Culture and Media
Definitions of Culture
Culture = Human – Nature
Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man
Culture = Man – Machine
Material versus Nonmaterial Culture
Language, Meaning, and Concepts
Ideology
Studying Culture
Subculture
Cultural Effects: Give And Take
Reflection Theory
Media
From the Town Crier to the Facebook Wall: A Brief History
Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms
The Media Life Cycle
Texts
Back To The Beginning: Cultural Production
Media Effects
Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From?
The Race and Gender Politics of Making Out
Racism in the Media
Sexism in the Media
Political Economy of the Media
Consumer Culture
Advertising and Children
Culture Jams: Hey Calvin, How ’Bout Giving That Girl a Sandwich?
Conclusion
Policy: What's in a Name?
Questions for Review
Practice: Subculture Wars
Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality
Socialization: The Concept
Limits of Socialization
“Human” Nature
Theories of Socialization
Me, Myself, and I: Development of the Self and the Other
Agents of Socialization
Families
School
Peers
Adult Socialization
Total Institutions
Social Interaction
Gender Roles
The Social Construction of Reality
Dramaturgical Theory
Ethnomethodology
New Technologies: What Has the Internet Done to Interaction?
Policy: Roommates with Benefits
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Role Conflict and Role Strain
Chapter 5: Groups and Networks
Social Groups
Just the Two of Us
And Then There Were Three
Size Matters: Why Social Life Is Complicated
Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups, Parties, and Large Groups
Primary and Secondary Groups
Group Conformity
In-Groups and Out-Groups
Reference Groups
From Groups to Networks
Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties
Six Degrees
Social Capital
Case Study: Survival of the Amish
Network Analysis in Practice
The Social Structure of Teenage Sex
Romantic Leftovers
Organizations
Organizational Structure and Culture
Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It
Policy: Right to Be Forgotten
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: How to Disappear
Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance
What Is Social Deviance?
Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control
Social Control
A Normative Theory of Suicide
Social Forces and Deviance
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
Labeling Theory
The Stanford Prison Experiment and Abu Ghraib
Stigma
Broken Windows Theory of Deviance
Crime
Street Crime
White-Collar Crime
Interpreting the Crime Rate
Crime Reduction
Deterrence Theory of Crime Control
Goffman’s Total Institution
Foucault on Punishment
The US Criminal Justice System
Policy: Does Prison Work Better as Punishment or Rehab?
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Everyday Deviance
Part 2: Fault Lines ... Social Division and Inequality
Chapter 7: Stratification
Views of Inequality
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Standards of Equality
Equality of Opportunity
Equality of Condition
Equality of Outcome
Forms of Stratification
Estate System
Caste System
Class System
Status Hierarchy System
Elite–Mass Dichotomy System
Income versus Wealth
How Is America Stratified Today?
The Upper Class
The Middle Class
The Poor
Global Inequality
Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility
Policy: Class-Based Affirmative Action
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: The $5,000 Toothbrush
Chapter 8: Gender
Let’s Talk About Sex Gender
Sex: A Process in the Making
Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals
Sexed Bodies in the Premodern World
Contemporary Concepts of Sex and the Paradoxes of Gender
Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine?
Making Gender
Gender Differences over Time
Welcome to Ze College, Ze
Theories of Gender Inequality
Rubin’s Sex/Gender System
Parsons’s Sex Role Theory
Psychoanalytic Theories
Conflict Theories
“Doing Gender”: Interactionist Theories
Black Feminism and Intersectionality
Postmodern and Global Perspectives
Growing Up, Getting Ahead, and Falling Behind
Growing Up with Gender
Inequality at Work
Sociology in the Bedroom
Sex: From Plato to NATO
The Social Construction of Sexuality
Contemporary Sexualities: The Q Word
“Hey”: Teen Sex, From Hooking Up to Virginity Pledges
Policy: #Methree
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Measuring Mansplaining
Chapter 9: Race
The Myth of Race
The Concept of Race from the Ancients to Alleles
Race in the Early Modern World
Eugenics
Twentieth-Century Concepts of Race
Racial Realities
Race versus Ethnicity
Ethnic Groups in the United States
Native Americans
African Americans
Latinos
Asian Americans
Middle Eastern Americans
The Importance of Being White
Minority–Majority Group Relations
Pluralism
Segregation and Discrimination
Racial Conflict
Group Responses to Domination
Withdrawal
Passing
Acceptance versus Resistance
Prejudice, Discrimination, and the New Racism
How Race Matters: The Case of Wealth
Institutional Racism
The Future of Race
Policy: DNA Databases
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: How Segregated Are You?
Chapter 10: Poverty
The Culture of Poverty
Negative Income Tax
The Underclass
The Bell Curve Thesis
Moving to Opportunity
The War on Poverty Today
Poverty amid Plenty
Absolute and Relative Poverty
The Effects of Poverty on Children’s Life Chances
Why Is the United States So Different?
Policy: Seeking SWF
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Known Unknowns
Chapter 11: Health and Society
The Rise (and Fall?) of the Medical Profession
Why We Think Doctors Are Special
The Rise of the Biomedical Culture
Doctors’ Denouement?
What Does It Mean to Be Sick?
The Sick Role
Social Construction of Illness
The US Health Care System
Health Care in the United States: Who’s Got You Covered?
The Social Determinants of Health and Illness
What Can Height Tell Us about the Relationship between Health and Society?
We’re Not All Born Equal: Prenatal and Early Life Determinants
Postnatal Health Inequalities
The Sociology of Mental Health
Rise of Diagnostic Psychiatry
The Power of a Pill?
Global Health
Global Poverty and Health: Cause versus Effect
H2O To Go
The Age of AIDS
Policy: Housing for Health
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: I'll Go to the Gym Tomorrow
Part 3: Building Blocks: Institutions of Society
Chapter 12: Family
Family Forms and Changes
Malinowski and the Traditional Family
The Family in the Western World Today
Keeping It in the Family: The Historical Divide between Public and Private
Premodern Families
The Emergence of the Male Breadwinner Family
Families after World War II
Family and Work: A Not-So-Subtle Revolution
A Feminist “Rethinking of the Family”
When Home Is No Haven: Domestic Abuse
The Chore Wars: Supermom Does It All
Swimming and Sinking: Inequality and American Families
African American Families
Latino Families
Flat Broke with Children
The Pecking Order: Inequality Starts at Home
The Future of Families, and There Goes the Nation!
Divorce
Blended Families
Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Families
Multiracial Families
Immigrant Families
Policy: Expanding Marriage
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Making Invisible Labor Visible
Chapter 13: Education
Learning to Learn or Learning to Labor? Functions of Schooling
Socialization
Do Schools Matter?
The Coleman Report
Class Size
Private Schools versus Public Schools
What’s Going On Inside Schools?
The Sorting Machine Revisited: Tracking
The Classroom Pressure Cooker
Higher Education
The Rise and Rise of Higher Education: Credentialism
The SAT: Meritocracy and the Big Test
Affirmative Action: Myths and Reality
Intelligence or IQ?
Inequalities in Schooling
Class
Race
Ethnicity
Impending Crisis: The Boy–Girl Achievement Gap
All in the Family
Policy: Vouchers
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: The Hidden Curriculum of College
Chapter 14: Capitalism and the Economy
A Brief History of Capitalism
Theorizing the Transition to Capitalism
Adam Smith
Georg Simmel
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Recent Changes in Capitalism
You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby (or Have You?): Work, Gender, and Family
The Service Sector
Globalization
The Reign of the Corporation
The Corporate Psychopath?
Policy: The Gig Economy
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Unbank Yourself!
Chapter 15: Authority and the State
Types of Legitimate Authority
Charismatic Authority
Traditional Authority
Legal-Rational Authority
Obedience to Authority
The Milgram Experiment
Authority, Legitimacy, and the State
The International System of States
The Case of Somaliland
New State Functions: The Welfare State
Radical Power and Persuasion
Power and International Relations
Dictatorship or Democracy? States of Nature and Social Contracts
Who Rules in the United States?
Beyond Strawberry and Vanilla: Political Participation in Modern Democracies
Policy: What If the House Is Too Small?
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Get Sh*t Done
Chapter 16: Religion
What Is Religion?
Theory: Marx, Weber, and Durkheim
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Émile Durkheim
Secularization or Speculation?
Religious Pluralism in the United States
Religious Attendance in the United States
At the Micro Level: Is It a Great Big Delusion?
The Power of Religion: Social Movements
Religion and the Social Landscape
Families
Race
Gender
Class
Geography and Politics
Selling God and Shopping for Faith: The Commercialization of Religious Life
Lesson 1: If You Can’t Beat ’Em, Join ’Em
Lesson 2: Bigger Is Better
Lesson 3: Speed Pleases
Lesson 4: Sex Sells
The Paradox of Popularity
The Sect–Church Cycle
Why Are Conservative Churches Growing?
Policy: Teaching the Bible in School
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: The Cult of You
Chapter 17: Science, the Environment, and Society
Science and Society
Thomas Kuhn and the Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Is Science a Social and Political Endeavor?
The Pursuit of Truth and the Boundaries of Science
The Laboratory as a Site for Knowledge
The Matthew Effect
Agriculture and the Environment
Global Warming and Climate Change
Organic Foods and Genetically Modified Organisms
The Green Revolution
Biotechnology and the Human Genome
Gattaca: Genetics and the Future of Society
Race and Genetics
Policy: Frankenfood Versus CRISPR Versus Abortion Politics
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Sustainable Choices
Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change
Collective Action: What Is It Good For?
Theories of Collective Action
Identity and Collective Action
Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Models of Social Movements: How Do They Arise?
Three Stages of Social Movements
Emergence, Coalescence, and Routinization in the HIV/AIDS Movement
Social Movement Organizations
Social Movements and Social Change
Premodern, Modern, and Postmodern Societies
Premodern Societies
Modernity
Postmodernism
The Causes of Social Change
Technology and Innovation
New Ideas and Identities
Social Change and Conflict
Policy: Does Activism Actually Work?
Conclusion
Questions for Review
Practice: Ain't Gonna Take It No More
Glossary
Bibliography
Credits
Index