The Yearbook on Space Policy aims to be the reference publication analysing space policy developments. Each year it presents issues and trends in space policy and the space sector as a whole. Its scope is global and its perspective is European. The Yearbook also links space policy with other policy areas. It highlights specific events and issues, and provides useful insights, data and information on space activities. The Yearbook on Space Policy is edited by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) based in Vienna, Austria. It combines in-house research and contributions of members of the European Space Policy Research and Academic Network (ESPRAN), coordinated by ESPI. The Yearbook is designed for government decision-makers and agencies, industry professionals, as well as the service sectors, researchers and scientists and the interested public.
Author(s): Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Blandina Baranes, Christophe Venet, Wolfgang Rathgeber
Series: Yearbook on Space Policy
Edition: 1st Edition.
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 392
Cover......Page 1
Yearbook on Space Policy
2008/2009......Page 4
ISBN 9783709103173......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
List of acronyms......Page 16
PART 1
THE YEAR IN SPACE
2008/2009......Page 29
1.1. Global economic outlook......Page 30
1.2. Political developments......Page 31
1.2.1. Security......Page 32
1.2.2. Environment......Page 34
1.2.3. Energy......Page 36
1.2.4. Resources......Page 37
1.2.5. Knowledge......Page 39
1.2.6. Mobility......Page 40
1.3.1. Science and technology inputs......Page 42
1.3.2. Science and technology outputs......Page 44
2.1. The United Nations system......Page 45
2.1.2. UNGA Committees......Page 46
2.1.3. Other UN bodies and organs monitoring outer space activities......Page 48
2.3. Regional cooperation in space activities......Page 50
2.4.1. European Space Agency......Page 52
2.4.2. European Union......Page 54
2.4.3. Other European institutions......Page 57
2.4.4. EUMETSAT......Page 58
2.4.5.1. France......Page 59
2.4.5.2. Germany......Page 61
2.4.5.3. Italy......Page 62
2.4.5.4. The United Kingdom......Page 63
2.5. The United States......Page 64
2.6. Russia......Page 66
2.7. Japan......Page 67
2.8. China......Page 68
2.9. India......Page 69
2.10. Emerging space powers......Page 70
3.1. Overview of institutional space budgets......Page 72
3.2. Overview of commercial space markets......Page 74
3.3.1. Industrial evolutions in Europe......Page 77
3.3.2. Industrial evolutions in the United States......Page 80
3.3.3. Industrial evolutions in Russia......Page 82
3.3.5. Industrial evolutions in China......Page 83
3.4. Industrial overview......Page 84
3.4.1. Launch sector......Page 85
3.4.2. Satellite manufacturing sector......Page 88
3.4.3. Satellite operators sector......Page 91
4.1. The global space military context......Page 92
4.2. Europe......Page 94
4.2.1. National initiatives......Page 95
4.2.2. European Union level......Page 97
4.2.2.1. Council/Space Council......Page 98
4.2.2.3. Agencies......Page 99
4.2.3. European Space Agency......Page 100
4.2.4. Other European institutions......Page 101
4.3. The United States......Page 102
4.4. Russia......Page 105
4.5. Japan......Page 106
4.6. China......Page 107
4.7. India......Page 108
4.8. Other selected space actors......Page 109
4.9. Threats to the space environment......Page 110
1.1. Highlights in policies and programmes......Page 127
1.2. Highlights in partnerships......Page 128
2. Space transportation......Page 131
2.1. Europe......Page 132
2.2. United States......Page 133
2.3. Russia......Page 135
2.4. Japan......Page 136
2.6. India......Page 137
2.7. Emerging actors......Page 138
2.8. Industrial comparison......Page 139
3. Space sciences and exploration......Page 142
3.1. Human spaceflight activities......Page 143
3.2. Lunar exploration......Page 145
3.3. Mars exploration......Page 147
3.4. Saturn exploration......Page 148
3.6. Mercury exploration......Page 149
3.8. Solar observation......Page 150
3.9. Outer solar system exploration and observation......Page 151
3.10. International cooperation in space exploration......Page 152
4.1. Space-based communications......Page 153
4.2. Space-based positioning, navigation and timing systems......Page 158
4.3. Space-based Earth observation......Page 163
5.1. Propulsion......Page 167
5.3. Spacecraft operations and design......Page 168
5.4. Suborbital activities......Page 169
5.6. Innovation policy......Page 171
PART 2
VIEWS AND INSIGHTS......Page 180
1.1. A new strategic context for space policies......Page 182
1.2. International security and space capabilities......Page 183
1.3. A geostrategic approach to understanding space policies......Page 184
1.4. The position of Europe......Page 186
1.5. Europes role in the global context......Page 187
1.6. Conclusion......Page 188
2.1. Introduction......Page 192
2.2.1. Space and GDP......Page 195
2.2.2. Effects of the present financial crisis......Page 197
2.2.3. Forecasting space expenditure on the basis of GDP......Page 198
2.3.1.2. Higher demand for multidisciplinary workforce......Page 201
2.3.2. Financing of space projects......Page 202
2.3.3. Increased vigilance against cost overruns......Page 203
2.4. Conclusion......Page 205
3.1. Space as a strategic policy for Europe......Page 207
3.2. Europe's need for a space policy and the new European space politics......Page 210
3.3. Capabilities to act in space in the 21st century......Page 212
3.4. Trying something completely new?......Page 214
4.1.1. GMES brief history......Page 216
4.1.3. Funding strategy......Page 218
4.2.1. GMES services......Page 219
4.2.1.1. Marine services......Page 220
4.2.1.4. Emergency response services......Page 221
4.2.2. Governance of GMES......Page 222
4.2.2.1. Space Council......Page 223
4.2.2.5. The EC-ESA Agreement on the GMES Space Component......Page 224
4.3. Challenges of today's governance......Page 225
4.4. GMES Space Component......Page 226
4.4.1.1.1. Sentinel-1......Page 227
4.4.1.2.1. Sentinel-2......Page 228
4.4.1.3.1. Sentinel-3......Page 229
4.4.1.4.1. Sentinel-4 and -5......Page 230
4.5. Sentinel Data Policy......Page 231
4.5.1. Other space data policies......Page 232
4.6. Key issues on GMES and lessons learned......Page 234
5.1. Europe and the integration of Earth observation, telecommunications and navigation......Page 236
5.2. The ESA legal framework and integrated space applications......Page 237
5.3. The European Union legal framework and integrated space applications......Page 240
5.4. External legal parameters: the ITU framework and the UN space treaties......Page 243
5.5. Concluding remarks......Page 246
6. The past and future of security-related satellite missions in Europe.......Page 251
6.1. Dual use......Page 252
6.2.1. Reconnaissance......Page 253
6.2.1.3. SPOT......Page 254
6.2.1.7. INGENIO/PAZ/SEOSAT......Page 255
6.2.2. Communication......Page 256
6.2.2.5. XTAR......Page 257
6.4. ESA programmes......Page 258
6.4.4. SMOS......Page 259
6.4.8. EarthCare......Page 260
6.5.1.2. Sentinel-2......Page 261
6.6.1. Galileo......Page 262
6.8. Outlook – complementary strengths......Page 263
7.1. Introduction......Page 265
7.3. Latest trends in the national authorisation and regulation of space activities in Europe......Page 266
7.3.2. The Netherlands......Page 267
7.3.3. France......Page 268
7.4.1. Who authorises?......Page 269
7.4.2. What kind of activities require authorisation?......Page 270
7.4.3. What are the conditions?......Page 271
7.5. European perspective......Page 273
7.6. Latest trends from the Legal Subcommittee: The working group on national legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space......Page 275
7.7. Conclusion......Page 277
8.1. Introduction......Page 282
8.2. Determination of liability for damage......Page 283
8.3.1. Regulatory uncertainty......Page 287
8.3.2. Increasing risks and cost of space operations......Page 288
8.4.1. Prevention: debris mitigation regulatory measures......Page 293
8.4.2. Prevention: space situational awareness and space traffic management......Page 294
8.4.3. Cure: removal of space debris......Page 297
8.5. Conclusion – message......Page 298
9.1. Introduction......Page 304
9.2. Civil Space Policy......Page 305
9.3. National security space policy......Page 309
9.4. Looking Ahead......Page 311
10.1. Introduction......Page 314
10.2. Satellites......Page 316
10.4. Shenzhou 7 spacecraft......Page 317
10.5. Lunar mission......Page 318
10.7.1. Japan......Page 319
10.7.3. North Korea......Page 320
10.7.4. India......Page 321
10.8. Conclusions......Page 322
PART 3
Facts and Figures......Page 328
1.1. Access to space......Page 330
1.2. Space science and exploration......Page 334
1.3. Applications......Page 336
1.4. Policy and international cooperation......Page 340
2. Country profiles......Page 342
3.1. Monographs......Page 367
3.2. Articles......Page 369
List of figures and tables......Page 374
About the authors......Page 377
Index......Page 384
