Xenobiotics in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Translational Aspects in Toxicology

Cover
Xenobiotics in Chemical Carcinogenesis
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 Historical review and future prospective of chemical carcinogenesis
Introduction
Cancer caused by mutation or environmental factors
Potential of carcinogens
Early studies for identification of carcinogens
Carcinogenesis models
Theories for chemical carcinogenesis
Bioassay of carcinogens
Issues with carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic categorization of chemicals
Long-term bioassays
Chemical carcinogenesis and genetically engineered models
Genetic modifiers of cancer
Future of chemical carcinogenesis
References
2 Xenobiotic metabolism(s) in carcinogenesis
Introduction
Function of aryl hydrocarbon receptors
AhR in humans
The AhR as a cofactor in carcinogenesis
Mechanisms associated with cancer initiation
Role of cytochrome P450 in the biotransformation of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis
Modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by transcription factors
Formation of carcinogenic xenobiotics during food processing
Role of pesticides in breast cancer progression
Conclusions
References
3 Recalcitrant toxic xenobiotics and their routes of exposure to humans
Introduction
Recalcitrant xenobiotic molecules
Halocarbons
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Synthetic Polymers
Alkylbenzyl Sulfonates
Oil Mixtures
Other Xenobiotic Compounds
Routes of xenobiotic exposure
Inhalation
Skin (or eye) absorption
Ingestion
Injection
Hazards from xenobiotic molecules
Xenobiotics in carcinogenesis
Removal of xenobiotics molecules
Risk assessment for exposure of humans to toxic compounds
Exposure to food carcinogens
Assessment of exposure to food carcinogens
Cellular adaptation to xenobiotic compounds
Detection of xenobiotic-induced toxicity
Human biomonitoring in the assessment of common population exposure to xenobiotics
Challenges of human biomonitoring
Conclusions and future prospective
References
4 Incidences of crucial environmental xenobiotics for inducing cancers
Introduction
Pesticides in carcinogenesis
Role of environmental agents in human cancer
Exposure of biomarkers and assessment of human exposures
Conclusions
References
5 Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of xenobiotics in cancer development
Introduction
Role of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in risk assessments
In silico approach to risk assessment
Bayesian population approach to toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic models in risk analysis
Bayesian population methods
An illustration of Bayesian population toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic modeling in risk analysis
Systematical implication of effective biomarkers in population and occupational biomonitoring
The pivotal function of xenobiotic receptors and cytochrome P450 induction in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics
Potential differentiation of sex in human and animal toxicology
Adverse drug reactions
Body composition
Sex hormones and their exemplification
Growth hormone
Exposure
Endocrine disruption
Genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis
Advanced approaches in the science of xenobiotic toxicology
Conclusions
References
6 Mechanism of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis induced by xenobiotics
Introduction
Oxidative DNA damage
Modification of gene expression
Endogenous factors of ROS
Exogenous sources of ROS
Arrays of oxidative stress
Oxidative stress linked with xenobiotic compounds in carcinogenesis
Xenobiotic-induced ROS generation in embryos
Oxidative stress-associated mechanisms with xenobiotics in anemia cells
Time-dependent cellular adaptations to oxidative stress in normal cells
Impact of ROS and RNS on the tumor microenvironment
Role of oxidative stress in the treatment and prevention of cancer
Anticancer drug therapy and oxidative stress
Preventive and therapeutic potential of antioxidants
Relationship of ROS, ncRNA, and p53
Cancer microenvironment and oxidative stress
Oxidative stress and ER activity
Quantitative determination of oxidative stress in cancer cells via gene expression
Conclusion and future prospective
References
7 Genotoxic and non-genotoxic activities of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis
Introduction
How to identify the mode of action of carcinogenic chemicals?
Background DNA lesions
Formation of DNA adducts in endogenous processes
Alkylating compounds arising from endogenous processes
Carcinogenic mode of action
How to identify the mode of action of non-carcinogenic compounds?
Mode of action for endocrine modifiers
Endocrine modifiers
Non-receptor regulators endocrine modifiers
Tumor promotion
Toxicity and inflammation at the tissue level
Cytotoxicity and immune inhibition
Suppression of gap-junction intercellular communications
Other mechanisms
Conclusions
References
Further reading
8 Modulation of the epigenome by xenobiotics in cancer
Introduction
DNA methylation in development of cancer
Regulation of the epigenome by xenobiotics
Carcinogenicity of Ochratoxin A through complex network of epigenetics
Alteration of the epigenome by chemical carcinogens
Epigenetic impacts of ethanol on liver and gastrointestinal system
Alcohol-stimulated epigenetic modifications in the liver and gastrointestinal tract
Changes in miRNAs
Mode of alterations in DNA methylation
Epigenetic effect of cadmium
Epigenetics modification in lung cancer of smokers
Xenobiotic-induced epigenetic remodeling
Molecular pathways of epigenetic remodeling by xenobiotics
Altering donors for epigenetic remodeling
Modifying DNA or chromatin remodeling enzyme function and expression
Xenobiotic epigenetic toxicity and the circadian clock
Model systems and biomarkers to assess epigenetic effects
Natural genetic variation and interaction with the epigenome at the population level
Nonrodent models for epigenetic assessment
Stem cells and reprogramming
Novel epigenetic biomarkers for safety assessment
Conclusions and perspectives
References
9 Carcinogenic effects of nanomaterials with an emphasis on nanoplastics
Introduction
Generation of nanoplastic in the environment
Effect of nanoplastics on human health
Major paths of human exposure to nanomaterials
Drinking water
Food chain: marine products
Dermal exposure: water and cosmetics
Inhalation: air
Cellular uptake and intracellular consequences of nanoplastic materials
Major toxic impact of nanoplastics on human health
Inflammation
Oxidative stress and apoptosis
Metabolic Homeostasis
Carcinogenic impacts of nanomaterials
Nano-metal elements
Carcinogenic impacts of nickel NPs
Carcinogenic impacts of silver NPs
Nano-metal oxides
Carcinogenic impacts of Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2NPs)
Carcinogenic impacts of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs)
Conclusions and outlook
References
10 Endocrine disruptor activity of xenobiotics in carcinogenesis
Introduction
Endocrine disruption of xenobiotic exposure
Xenoestrogens, xenoandrogens, antiestrogens, and antiandrogens
Xenoestrogens
Xenoandrogens
Antiestrogens
Endocrine regulators in the food chain
Endocrine disruptors action on mechanism of estrogen and androgen
Impacts of EDCs on AR and/or ER
Chromosomal abnormalities
DNA damage
Micro RNAs
Data associated with exposure to endocrine disruptors in carcinogenesis
Incidence of breast cancer due to endocrine disrupting chemicals
Multiple combinations of risk components
Identification of problems associated with the mode of action of EDCs
Case studies of endocrine Disrupting chemicals associated with breast cancer
Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Diethylstilbesterol in pregnant women
Impact of endocrine disruptors on the development of cancer in women
Dioxins
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Methoxychlor
Atrazine and triazine herbicides
Chlorpyrifos and other pesticides
Health issues
Conclusions and future prospective
References
11 Environmental exposures as xenoestrogens (bisphenol A and phthalates) enhance risk for breast cancer
Introduction
Risk factors as models for environmental chemicals and breast cancer
Chemical properties and main sources of exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates
Bisphenol A and breast cancer
Government policy for bisphenol A
Mechanism of bisphenol A-induced breast cancer
Estrogenic potential of bisphenol A
Epigenetic impacts of bisphenol A
DNA damage
Changes of breast microenvironment
Phthalates
Exposure via diet
Toxicological aspects and human health effects
Phthalates and breast cancer
Conclusion
References
12 Biotransformation of toxic xenobiotics by human gut microbiota
Introduction
Habitat of microbes in human body
Role of microbes in health and disease
Microbiome regulation of toxicity
The metabolome of microbes
Function of gut microbes in cellular physiology
Gut microbial interactions with xenobiotics
The complementary chemistry of microbial xenobiotic metabolism
Metabolization of environmental chemicals by GI microbiota
Metabolism of environmental chemicals by the GI microbes
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrated PAHs or nitro-PAHs
Nitrotoluenes
Pesticides
Polychlorobiphenyls
Effect of environmental chemicals on the activity of GI microbes
Pesticides
Other organic pollutants
Factors affecting the rate and level of gut microbes in xenobiotic metabolism
Advanced technologies for the identification of xenobiotic-degrading microbes
Computational method for the prognosis of species-specific biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds by gut microbiota
Methods
Construction of gut bacterial substrate database
Conclusion
References
13 Mechanism of resistance to toxic xenobiotics in humans
Introduction
Cellular adaptation to xenobiotics
Evolution of resistance to toxic xenobiotics
Impact of xenobiotics on physiology and gene expression of human gut microbiota
Cancer drug resistance
Types of resistance
Mechanisms of resistance to xenobiotics
P-glycoproteins as universal detoxifiers
Function of P-glycoprotein for resistance to carcinogenic agents
Link between environmental chemicals and chemoresistance
Conclusions
References
14 Profiling the reactive metabolites of xenobiotics in cancer
Introduction
Experimental methods for the assessment of reactive metabolites
Analysis of covalent binding to proteins
Trapping and identifying reactive metabolites
Time and cofactor-based cytochrome P450 suppression
NMR spectroscopy for identification of xenobiotic toxicity
High-throughput NMR in xenobiotics toxicology
Characterization of xenobiotic metabolites by LC/HRMS/MS
Screening of xenobiotics in by UHPLC-HRMS/MS
Example for determination of unknown xenobiotic compounds
Reagents
Extraction of xenobiotics
UHPLC-qOrbitrap Analysis
Target analysis and suspect screening
Profiling of seasonal variation in and cancer risk assessment of benzo(a)pyrene and heavy metals in drinking water
Materials and methods
Extraction and analysis of benzo(a)pyrene in water samples
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit method
Extraction and analysis of heavy metals
Cancer risk assessment
Toxicological analysis of anthropogenic xenobiotics associated with environmental metabolomics
Environmentally relevant organisms and anthropogenic contaminants
Identification of metabolites and pathways
Conclusions
References
15 Toxicogenomics for the prediction of carcinogenicity of xenobiotic substances
Introduction
Mechanistic inference to toxicogenomics
Onset of system toxicology
Emergence of molecular toxicology
Emergence of the field of toxicogenomics
Genetic toxicology: transcriptomics
Next-generation sequencing
Artificial intelligence and machine learning
High-throughput screening
Predictive toxicology
Toxicogenomics-related exploration of pathways for immunotoxicity
Prediction of carcinogenicity effects of xenobiotics by toxicogenomics methods
Genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogenesis
Analysis of genotoxic carcinogenicity by toxicogenomics methods
Assessment of nongenotoxic carcinogenicity by toxicogenomics methods
Conclusions and future prospective
References
Index