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X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a prominent clinical imaging modality used to diagnose and study diseases in vivo. It is principally based on the detection of the nuclei of hydrogen atoms (the proton; symbol 1H) in water molecules in tissues. X-nuclei MRI (also called non-proton MRI) is based on the detection of the nuclei of other atoms (X-nuclei) in the body, such as sodium (23Na), phosphorus (31P), chlorine (35Cl), potassium (39K), deuterium (2H), oxygen (17O), lithium (7Li), and fluorine (19F) using modified software and hardware. X-nuclei MRI can provide fundamental, new metabolic information related to cellular energetic metabolism and ion homeostasis in tissues that cannot be assessed using standard hydrogen MRI.

This book is an introduction to the techniques and biomedical applications of X-nuclei MRI. It describes the theoretical and experimental basis of X-nuclei MRI, the limitations of this technique, and its potential biomedical applications for the diagnosis and prognosis of many disorders or for quantitative monitoring of therapies in a wide range of diseases. The book is divided into four parts. Part I includes a general description of X-nuclei nuclear magnetic resonance physics and imaging. Part II deals with the MRI of endogenous nuclei such as 23Na, 31P, 35Cl, and 39K; Part III, the MRI of endogenous/exogenous nuclei such as 2H and 17O; and Part IV, the MRI of exogenous nuclei such as 7Li and 19F. The book is illustrated throughout with many representative figures and includes references and reading suggestions in each section. It is the first book to introduce X-nuclei MRI to researchers, clinicians, students, and general readers who are interested in the development of imaging methods for assessing new metabolic information in tissues in vivo in order to diagnose diseases, improve prognosis, or measure the efficiency of therapies in a timely and quantitative manner. It is an ideal starting point for a clinical or scientific research project in non-proton MRI techniques.

Author(s): Guillaume Madelin
Publisher: Jenny Stanford Publishing
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 477
City: Singapore

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Mr Physics and Imaging of X-Nuclei
Chapter 1: Spin Dynamics in NMR
1.1:
Introduction
1.2:
Quantum Spin States and Density Operator
1.3: Irreducible Spherical Tensor Operators
1.4:
Evolution of the Density Operator
1.4.1:
Master Equation
1.4.2:
Hamiltonians
1.4.3:
Relaxation
1.5:
Multiple Quantum Filters
1.5.1:
ISTO Evolution
1.5.2:
MQF Sequences
Chapter 2: X-Nuclei MRI and Energy Metabolism
2.1:
Introduction
2.2:
Elements in the Body
2.2.1:
Fundamental Elements
2.2.2:
Major Elements
2.2.3:
Trace Elements
2.2.4:
NMR-Detectable Elements
2.3:
Cellular Energy Metabolism
2.3.1:
Energy Metabolism
2.3.2:
Production of ATP: Cellular Respiration
2.3.3:
Production of ATP: Fermentation
2.3.4: Creatine Kinase Reaction
2.3.5:
Consumption of ATP: Ion Homeostasis
2.3.6:
X-Nuclei MRI and Metabolic Information
2.4:
Basics of X-Nuclei MRI
2.4.1:
MR Properties
2.4.2:
Hardware
2.4.3:
Software
2.4.4:
Concentration Quantification
2.4.5:
Compartments Separation
Part II: Endogenous Nuclei
Chapter 3: Sodium 23Na
3.1:
The Sodium Element
3.1.1:
Description and Properties
3.1.2:
Sodium in Biology and Medicine
3.2:
Sodium Magnetic Resonance
3.2.1:
MR Properties
3.2.2:
MR Methodology
3.3: Applications of 23Na MRI
3.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
3.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Chapter 4: Phosphorus 31P
4.1:
The Phosphorus Element
4.1.1:
Description and Properties
4.1.2:
Phosphorus in Biology and Medicine
4.2:
Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance
4.2.1:
MR Properties
4.2.2:
MR Methodology
4.3: Applications of 31P MRI
4.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
4.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Chapter 5: Chlorine 35Cl
5.1:
The Chlorine Element
5.1.1:
Description and Properties
5.1.2:
Chlorine in Biology and Medicine
5.2:
Chlorine Magnetic Resonance
5.2.1:
MR Properties
5.2.2:
MR Methodology
5.3:
Applications of 35Cl MRI
5.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
5.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Chapter 6: Potassium 39K
6.1:
The Potassium Element
6.1.1:
Description and Properties
6.1.2:
Potassium in Biology and Medicine
6.2:
Potassium Magnetic Resonance
6.2.1:
MR Properties
6.2.2:
MR Methodology
6.3: Applications of 39K MRI
6.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
6.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Part III: Endogenous/Exogenous Nuclei
Chapter 7: Deuterium 2H
7.1:
The Deuterium Element
7.1.1:
Description and Properties
7.1.2:
Deuterium in Biology and Medicine
7.2:
Deuterium Magnetic Resonance
7.2.1:
MR Properties
7.2.2:
MR Methodology
7.3: Applications of 2H MRI
7.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
7.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Chapter 8: Oxygen 17O
8.1:
The Oxygen Element
8.1.1:
Description and Properties
8.1.2:
Oxygen in Biology and Medicine
8.2:
Oxygen Magnetic Resonance
8.2.1:
MR Properties
8.2.2:
MR Methodology
8.3: Applications of 17O MRI
8.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
8.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Part IV: Exogenous Nuclei
Chapter 9: Lithium 7Li
9.1:
The Lithium Element
9.1.1:
Description and Properties
9.1.2:
Lithium in Biology and Medicine
9.2:
Lithium Magnetic Resonance
9.2.1:
MR Properties
9.2.2:
MR Methodology
9.3:
Applications of 7Li MRI
9.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
9.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Chapter 10: Fluorine 19F
10.1:
The Fluorine Element
10.1.1:
Description and Properties
10.1.2:
Fluorine in Biology and Medicine
10.2:
Fluorine Magnetic Resonance
10.2.1: MR Properties
10.2.2:
MR Methodology
10.3:
Applications of 19F MRI
10.3.1:
Biomedical Applications
10.3.2:
Non-Biomedical Applications
Index