World History: A New Perspective

Contents
About the Book
About the Author
Charts
Maps
Dedication
Title Page
Introduction: World History
Part One: Ninety-Nine Per Cent of Human History (to c.10,000 BCE)
1. Origins
1.1. Primates
1.2. Human Ancestors
1.3. Early Humans
1.4. The Origin of Modern Humans
1.5. Brains and Language
2. Gathering and Hunting
2.1. The World of the Early Humans
2.2. Hunter or Scavenger?
2.3. Early Humans
2.4. Ways of Life
2.5. Modern Humans
2.6. The Peopling of the World
2.6.1. Australia
2.6.2. The Americas
2.6.3. The Pacific
Overview 1: The World in 10,000 BCE
Part Two: The Great Transition
3. Crops and Animals
3.1. Why Agriculture?
3.2. South-West Asia
3.3. The Spread of Farming from South-West Asia
3.3.1. Europe
3.3.2. The Nile valley
3.4. China
3.5. The Americas and Elsewhere
3.5.1. Mesoamerica
3.5.2. North America
3.5.3. The Andes
3.5.4. The rest of the world
3.6. The Impact of Farming
Overview 2: The World in 5000 BCE
4. The Emergence of Civilization
4.1. Civilization
4.2. Mesopotamia: The Origins of Civilization
4.2.1. The early phases
4.2.2. Uruk
4.2.3. The early dynastic
4.3. Mesopotamia: Expansion and Conquest
4.3.1. Trade
4.3.2. The first empires
4.4. Later Mesopotamia
4.5. Egypt
4.5.1. Unification
4.5.2. The first dynasties
4.6. The Indus Valley
4.7. Technology
4.8. Writing
Overview 3: The World in 2000 BCE
5. Isolation: The Americas and the Pacific
5.1. Early Mesoamerica
5.2. Teotihuacan
5.3. The Maya
5.4. The Aztecs
5.5. Early Peru and the Andes
5.6. The Inca
5.7. The Pacific
Part Three: The Early Empires (2000 BCE–600 CE)
6. The Early Eurasian World
6.1. Eurasian Societies
6.2. Eurasian States and Empires
6.3. The Pattern of Early Eurasian History
6.4. The Nomadic World
6.5. Contacts
7. Interaction (2000–1000 BCE)
7.1. Expansion and Stability
7.1.1. Mesopotamia
7.1.2. Egypt
7.2. Crisis
7.3. The Indo-Europeans
7.3.1. Language
7.3.2. History
7.3.3. India
7.4. The Imperial Contest
7.4.1. Hittites, Kassites and Assyrians
7.4.2. Egypt
7.5. The Incorporation of the Aegean
7.5.1. Crete and Mycenae
7.5.2. Scripts and language
7.5.3. Cyprus
7.6. Trade
7.7. The Eurasian Periphery: Europe
7.8. Early China: the Shang
7.8.1. Shang society and state
7.8.2. The Chinese script
7.9. Collapse
8. Expansion (1000–200 BCE)
8.1. Iron
8.1.1. Iron in south-west Asia and India
8.1.2. Technological stagnation
8.1.3. Iron in China and technological advance
8.2. China: the Early Chou
8.3. China: the Creation of a Centralized State
8.4. China: Economy, Society and Ideas
8.5. The First Indian Empire
8.5.1. Indian society
8.5.2. Buddhism and the Jains
8.5.3. The Mauryan empire
8.6. South-west Asia: the Supremacy of Assyria
8.7. The Phoenicians and the Levant
8.7.1. The Levant
8.7.2. Carthage
8.7.3. The alphabet
8.7.4. Israel
8.8. The Achaemenid Empire
8.9. Greece
8.9.1. The Greek alphabet
8.9.2. Early Greece
8.9.3. Sparta
8.9.4. Athens
8.10. The Macedonian Empire
8.10.1. Alexander
8.10.2. The Hellenistic kingdoms
8.11. The Incorporation of Italy
8.11.1. The Etruscans
8.11.2. Early Rome
8.12. The Eurasian Periphery: Central and Western Europe
Overview 4: The World in 500 BCE
9. The Linking of the Eurasian World (200 BCE-200 CE)
9.1. China: the Creation of the Unified State
9.2. Han Expansion and the Hsiung-nu
9.3. India
9.4. The Parthian Empire
9.5. Roman Expansion
9.6. Roman Society
9.7. Internal Crisis: the Han and Roman Empires
9.7.1. China
9.7.2. Rome
9.8. Eurasian Connections: the Silk Road
9.9. Eurasian Connections: the Maritime Routes
9.10. Han China: Prosperity and Stability
9.11. The Roman Empire: Prosperity and Stability
9.12. The Beginnings of the Eurasian Crisis
Overview 5: The World in 150 CE
10. Crisis (200–600 CE)
10.1. Disease
10.2. China: Disintegration
10.3. The Roman Empire: Disintegration and Reconstruction
10.4. The Spread of Buddhism
10.5. Paganism
10.6. Early Christianity
10.7. Constantine and the Established Church
10.8. Revival in China
10.9. The Incorporation of the East Eurasian Periphery
10.9.1. Korea
10.9.2. Japan
10.10. India: the Gupta Empire
10.11. The Crisis of the Late Roman Empire
10.12. The Revival of the Eastern Roman Empire
10.13. The Roman-Sasanian Contest
Overview 6: The World in 600 CE
Part Four: The Great Empires (600–1500 CE)
11. The Rise of Islam (600–1000)
11.1. Early Islam
11.2. The Expansion of Islam
11.3. The Organization of the Islamic World
11.3.1. The early caliphate
11.3.2. The Umayyads and the first and second civil wars
11.3.3. Umayyad society
11.4. The Creation of the Byzantine State
11.5. China: the Sui and the T’ang – Revival and Expansion
11.5.1. Expansion
11.5.2. Economy and society
11.5.3. Beliefs
11.6. The Imperial Contest in Central Asia
11.6.1. The Turks
11.6.2. The Tibetan empire
11.6.3. The imperial contest
11.7. The Eurasian Periphery: Japan and South-east Asia
11.7.1. Japan
11.7.2. South-east Asia
11.8. The Eurasian Periphery: Western Europe
11.8.1. Iberia and Britain
11.8.2. Italy
11.8.3. The Frankish kingdom and empire
11.9. Eurasian Problems
Overview 7: The World in 750 CE
11.10. Islam: the Abbasid Empire
11.10.1. Iberia
11.10.2. Military slavery
11.10.3. The Fatimids and disintegration
11.10.4. The Byzantine world
11.11. East Eurasian Problems: China, Tibet and the Uighurs
11.12. West Eurasian Problems: Disintegration and Invasion
Overview 8: The World in 1000 CE
12. The Later Eurasian World
12.1. Farming and Ways of Life
12.1.1. The diffusion of new crops
12.2. Islam at the Centre of Eurasian Trade
12.2.1. The Indian Ocean world
12.2.2. European trade
12.2.3. The trading world
12.3. Science and Technology: China
12.4. Science and Technology: Islam and Europe
12.5. Paper, Printing and Gunpowder
12.5.1. Paper
12.5.2. Printing
12.5.3. Gunpowder
13. The Age of China (1000–c.1250)
13.1. Sung China and its Neighbours
13.2. Sung Agriculture
13.3. Sung Industry
13.4. Sung Trade and Finance
13.5. Sung Society
13.6. The East Eurasian Periphery: Korea, Japan and the Khmer
13.6.1. Korea
13.6.2. Japan
13.6.3. The Khmer
13.7. The Islamic World: Political Fragmentation
13.7.1. The Islamic world in the eleventh century
13.7.2. The impact of the Turks
13.7.3. The Islamic world in the late twelfth century
13.8. The Unity of Islam
13.9. The Expansion of Islam: India
13.10. The Expansion of Islam: West Africa
13.11. The Expansion of Islam: East Africa
13.11.1. Christian Ethiopia
13.12. The West Eurasian Periphery: Europe – Recovery, Expansion and Definition
13.12.1. Recovery and expansion
13.12.2. Iberia
13.12.3. The expansion of Christianity
13.13. Europe: the Emergence of Kingdoms
13.13.1. The ‘empire’
13.13.2. ‘France’ and the Angevins
13.13.3. Central and eastern Europe
13.13.4. The destruction of the Byzantine empire
Overview 9: The World in 1200
14. The Mongol Empire (1200–1350)
14.1. Chinggis-khan
14.2. Ogodei and Guyuk
14.3. The Empire at its Peak
14.4. Ruling the Empire
14.5. The Break-up of the Empire
14.5.1. China
14.5.2. Iran and Mesopotamia
14.5.3. The Qipchaq
14.5.4. The Chaghatai khanate
14.6. The End of Mongol Rule
15. Recovery (1350–1500)
15.1. Famine and Plague
15.2. China: the Rise of the Ming
15.3. China and the Surrounding World
15.4. China: Stability
15.5. Korea, Japan and South-east Asia
15.5.1. Korea
15.5.2. Japan
15.5.3. South-east Asia
15.6. Temur
15.7. The Rise and Defeat of the Ottomans
Overview 10: The World in 1400
15.8. Ottoman Revival and Expansion
15.9. Europe: Fragmentation in the West
15.9.1. The ‘empire’
15.9.2. England and France
15.9.3. Italy and the papacy
15.9.4. Iberia
15.10. Europe: the Kingdoms in the East
15.10.1. Poland-Lithuania
15.10.2. Hungary
15.10.3. The rise of Moscow
15.11. Into the Atlantic
Part Five: The World Balance (1500–1750)
Overview 11: The World in 1500
16. The Columbian World
16.1. The Rise of Europe
16.2. The Columbian World: Disease
16.3. The Columbian World: Animals and Crops
17. The Early World Economy: the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
17.1. The Early Spanish Empire
17.1.1. Expansion
17.1.2. Exploitation
17.2. Atlantic Slavery
17.3. Brazil: Slavery and Plantations
17.4. The Dutch and the French
17.5. Early English Slavery
17.6. The Eighteenth-Century Plantation Economies
17.6.1. The West Indies
17.6.2. North America
17.6.3. Brazil
17.6.4. The Spanish empire
17.7. The Slave Trade
17.8. Africa in the Atlantic Economy
17.9. Gold and Silver
17.10. Europe and Asia: the Portuguese
17.11. Europe and Asia: the Dutch
17.12. Europe and Asia: the English
17.13. Asia and the Europeans
17.14. The Old Eurasian Trade Routes
17.15. Eurasian Economies: the Ottomans, India and China
17.15.1. The Ottomans
17.15.2. India
17.15.3. China
17.16. Eurasia in c.1750
18. The Gunpowder Empires and States
18.1. The Impact of Gunpowder on Eurasia
18.2. The Ottoman Empire
18.2.1. Expansion
18.2.2. The nature of the empire
18.3. Safavid Iran
18.4. The Uzbek Empire
18.5. The Mughal Empire
18.6. Japan: Civil War and Reunification
18.7. Europe: Reality and ‘Renaissance’
18.7.1. Reality
18.7.2. ‘Renaissance’
18.8. Europe: Religious Divisions
18.9. Europe: Dynastic Conflict
18.10. Eastern Europe
18.10.1. Poland-Lithuania
18.10.2. Moscow
18.11. The Military Revolution
18.12. The Rise of the European State
19. The Seventeenth-Century Crisis and After
19.1. The Nature of the Crisis
19.2. The Crisis in China: the fall of the Ming
19.3. The Crisis in the Ottoman Empire
19.4. The Crisis in Western Europe
19.5. The Crisis in Eastern Europe
19.5.1. Moscow
19.5.2. Poland-Lithuania
19.5.3. Serfdom
19.6. Recovery
19.7. China: Stability and Prosperity
19.7.1. Expansion
19.7.2. Economy and society
19.8. Japan Under the Tokugawa
19.9. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
19.10. European Conflicts
Overview 12: The World in 1700
19.11. The Peripheral Powers of Europe: Britain and Russia
19.11.1. Britain
19.11.2. Russia
19.12. The European War 1792–1815
19.13. The Mughal Empire
19.13.1. The empire at its height
19.13.2. The collapse of the empire
19.14. The World Balance c.1750
Part Six: The Creation of the Modern World (1750–2000)
20. The Origins of the Modern Economy and Society (c.1750– c.1900)
20.1. The Transformation
20.2. The Problem
20.3. Europe: Food and People
20.4. Technology
20.5. Energy
20.6. The British Experience
20.7. Why Britain?
20.8. The European Experience
20.9. The American Experience
20.10. Communications
20.11. Industrialization and Society
20.11.1. Poverty, wealth and health
20.11.2. The rise of cities
20.11.3. Pollution
20.12. Government and Society
21. Europe and the World (c.1750–c.1900)
21.1. Eurasian views
21.1.1. Europe
21.1.2. Islam
21.1.3. India
21.2. Technology
21.3. The Establishment of British Power in India and South-east Asia 1750–1818
21.4. Britain and India 1818–77
21.4.1. Britain and the Indian economy
21.4.2. The Great Rebellion and after
21.5. The Independence of the Americas: the United States
21.6. The Independence of the Americas: the Slave Revolt
21.7. The Independence of the Americas: Latin America
21.8. The Atlantic Economy in the Nineteenth Century
21.9. Europe: People and Food
21.10. The Ottoman Empire
21.11. Russian expansion
21.12. China: the Early Stages of the Nineteenth-Century Crisis
21.13. China: the Nineteenth-Century Crisis – Internal Revolt
21.14. China: External Pressure
21.15. Japan Under the Later Tokugawa
21.16. Japan and the Outside World
21.17. Japan: the Reaction to External Pressure
21.18. Asia in the Late Nineteenth Century
21.19. Africa
21.20. The World Balance at the End of the Nineteenth Century
Overview 13: The World in 1900
22. The European Civil Wars (1815–1945)
22.1. European Stability 1815–70
22.2. The European Balance 1871–1914
22.3. The First European Civil War 1914–18
22.4. Revolution
22.5. The Versailles Settlement
22.6. European Politics
22.7. Fascism and Nazism
22.8. Communism
22.9. The European Balance 1919–39
22.10. The Second European Civil War and World War 1939–45
22.11. The Holocaust
22.12. Europe in 1945
23. The Modern World Economy
23.1. People and Disease
23.1.1. Population
23.1.2. Disease
23.2. Food and Land
23.3. Technology
23.4. Production and Energy
23.5. Urbanization
23.6. Globalization
23.6.1. Trade and finance
23.6.2. Transnational corporations
23.7. Economies
23.8. Pollution
24. The Changing Balance (c.1900–2000)
24.1. The European Empires
24.2. Rising Nationalism
24.3. The Vicissitudes of China
24.4. The Impact of Japan
24.4.1. The European empires
24.4.2. China
24.5. The World Balance in the Mid-Twentieth Century
24.5.1. The United States and the Soviet Union
24.5.2. The European powers
24.5.3. The end of the European empires
24.6. Europe: Stability and Instability
24.6.1. Stability in western Europe
24.6.2. Stability and instability in eastern Europe
24.7. The Revival of China
24.8. The World Balance at the End of the Twentieth Century
Acknowledgements
Guide to Further Reading
Index
Copyright