World Cancer Report 2014

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
Reconciling stress and cancer: insights from telomeres......Page 78
Early-life exposures, birth cohorts, and noncommunicable diseases (with special reference to cancer)......Page 178
Prenatal infections with subsequent immune tolerance could explain the epidemiology of common childhood cancers......Page 262
An evolutionary foundation for cancer control......Page 338
Diet, nutrition, and cancer: where next for public health?......Page 433
Controversies in cancer screening and their resolution: a view from the United States “battleground”......Page 523
The full hazards of smoking and the benefits of stopping: cancer mortality and overall mortality......Page 587
1 Cancer worldwide......Page 16
Summary......Page 17
Global burden of cancer......Page 18
Regional patterns of cancer......Page 26
Country-specific patterns of cancer......Page 50
Summary......Page 55
Epidemiological transitions, noncommunicable diseases, and cancer......Page 56
The Human Development Index: a marker of growth and development......Page 57
Global cancer statistics by human development level in 2012......Page 58
Evidence of cancer transitions: some temporal examples......Page 60
Regional cancer profiles and human development......Page 62
Cancer incidence by 2025: demographic and trend-based predictions......Page 66
Overview......Page 67
Incidence rates......Page 70
Outcomes......Page 72
Data sources......Page 74
2 Cancer etiology......Page 82
2.1 The global tobacco epidemic......Page 83
2.2 Tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use......Page 89
Genetic susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers......Page 92
2.3 Alcohol consumption......Page 97
2.4 Infections......Page 106
Inflammation and cancer......Page 108
Do infections play a role in breast cancer?......Page 112
2.5 Reproductive and hormonal factors......Page 116
2.6 Diet, obesity, and physical activity......Page 125
Challenges of measuring diet in cancer epidemiological studies and new perspectives......Page 126
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms relevant to meat consumption and cancer risk......Page 129
Diet and the gut microbiome......Page 132
2.7 Occupation......Page 135
Evaluating carcinogens: dioxins and dioxin-like substances......Page 137
Preventing occupational cancer: successes and failures......Page 142
2.8 Radiation: ionizing, ultraviolet, and electromagnetic......Page 144
An IARC announcement that made waves......Page 147
2.9 Pollution of air, water, and soil......Page 152
Bisphenol A and cancer......Page 155
Pesticides and cancer......Page 158
2.10 Pharmaceutical drugs......Page 162
Breast implants and cancer......Page 165
2.11 Naturally occurring chemical carcinogens......Page 170
3 Cancer biology......Page 184
3.1 Genomics......Page 185
TP53 mutations and human cancer......Page 188
3.2 Genome-wide association studies......Page 194
Gene–environment interactions and breast cancer......Page 197
DNA repair polymorphisms and human cancer......Page 199
3.3 Gene expression......Page 204
Therapeutic implications of dysregulated DNA damage signalling......Page 206
3.4 Epigenetics......Page 215
The non-coding RNA revolution in medical research......Page 217
Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer......Page 221
3.5 Metabolic change and metabolomics......Page 223
3.6 Stem cells and cancer stem cells......Page 229
Stem cells in cancer: determinants of clinical outcome?......Page 231
3.7 Tumour microenvironment......Page 237
3.8 Signal transduction and targeted therapy......Page 245
3.9 Immunology and immunotherapy......Page 254
Role of the innate and acquired immune systems in mammary development and breast cancer......Page 257
Premortem autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress as immunogenic signals in cancer therapy......Page 260
4 Cancer prevention......Page 268
4.1 Changing behaviours – tobacco control......Page 269
Australia’s plain packaging of tobacco products Tobacco and China......Page 276
4.2 Changing behaviours – physical activity and weight control......Page 282
Energy restriction, age, and cancer risk......Page 284
EPIC as a model study vehicle......Page 288
4.3 Designing and evaluating population-wide campaigns......Page 291
4.4 Prevention strategies common to noncommunicable diseases......Page 299
The global economics of chronic and noncommunicable diseases......Page 303
4.5 Legislative and regulatory initiatives......Page 306
Environmental pollution: old and new......Page 308
Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: the Brazilian case......Page 312
4.6 Vaccination......Page 315
Early implementation and monitoring of HPV vaccination in Bhutan......Page 318
Introduction and monitoring of a national HPV vaccination programme in Rwanda......Page 319
4.7 Screening – principles......Page 323
4.8 Screening – implementation......Page 331
5 Cancer by organ site......Page 348
A guide to the epidemiology data in World Cancer Report......Page 349
5.1 Lung cancer......Page 351
Earliest molecular evidence of tobacco-induced injury in the airway......Page 355
Biomarkers of air pollution......Page 359
5.2 Breast cancer......Page 363
Biological mechanisms mediating reduced breast cancer risk through physical activity......Page 368
Treatment determined by BRCA1/2 mutation......Page 372
5.3 Oesophageal cancer......Page 375
Risk of malignant progression in Barrett oesophagus patients......Page 380
5.4 Stomach cancer......Page 384
Gastric cancer prevention......Page 389
5.5 Colorectal cancer......Page 393
Lgr5 stem cells in self-renewal and intestinal cancer......Page 398
Tumour-elicited inflammation and malignant progression in colorectal cancer......Page 402
5.6 Liver cancer......Page 404
Treating chronic hepatitis with antiviral drugs to prevent liver cancer......Page 409
5.7 Pancreatic cancer......Page 414
5.8 Head and neck cancers......Page 423
5.9 Kidney cancer......Page 437
5.10 Bladder cancer......Page 445
5.11 Cancers of the male reproductive organs......Page 454
5.12 Cancers of the female reproductive organs......Page 466
5.13 Haematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies......Page 483
Molecular detection of minimal residual disease in childhood leukaemia......Page 492
De novo DNA methyltransferases in normal and malignant haematopoiesis......Page 494
5.14 Skin cancer......Page 496
Evaluating sunscreen as a measure to reduce the risk of melanoma......Page 499
5.15 Thyroid cancer......Page 504
5.16 Tumours of the nervous system......Page 512
Glioma genomics and its implications in neuro-oncology......Page 519
6 Cancer control......Page 528
6.1 National cancer control plans......Page 530
6.2 Current global national cancer control capacity......Page 539
Cervical cancer prevention in six African countries......Page 542
Traditional household cooking: risks and prevention......Page 544
6.3 Health systems strengthening for cancer control......Page 548
Towards understanding the economics of cancer: priority areas for research......Page 581
6.4 Research infrastructure – biobanks, cohorts, registries, and data linkage......Page 555
6.5 Advocacy for cancer control......Page 563
6.6 Law in cancer control......Page 570
6.7 The global economic burden of cancer......Page 577
Cancer control in Africa: options for a vulnerable continent......Page 529
Cancer control in Canada: challenges and strategies in a high-income country......Page 538
Cancer control in China: preventive policies and accessible health care......Page 547
Cancer control in France: towards patient-centred precision medicine......Page 554
Cancer control in India: cancer care through a four-tier system......Page 562
Cancer control in Jordan: goals for low- and middle-income countries......Page 569
Cancer control in Morocco: action in harmony with the socioeconomic and cultural context......Page 576
Cancer control in Peru: “El Plan Esperanza” – the Hope Plan......Page 585
Cancer control in Turkey: an encouraging national cancer control plan for the future......Page 586
Contributors......Page 597
Disclosures of interests......Page 607
Sources......Page 609
B......Page 620
C......Page 621
D......Page 622
F......Page 623
G......Page 624
I......Page 625
M......Page 626
N......Page 627
P......Page 628
S......Page 629
T......Page 630
Y......Page 631