The year 2022 is the 50th anniversary of Alfred Crosby’s celebrated book - The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. In the book, Crosby was the first to discuss the impact that the Spanish and Portuguese colonial period had on world agriculture and human culture. How the crops of the world became homogenized, and how an indigenous culture was destroyed by disease after Columbus landed. His landmark study broke new ground in its broad conceptualization of the Atlantic exchange.
Building on what Crosby so succinctly and brilliantly presented, the main goal of this new work is to present the depth of information that has emerged since "The Columbian Exchange" and to discuss more fully the development of crops and agriculture before and after the Iberian contact. It follows the journey of crops and livestock in the Old and New Worlds and end’s with their distribution in today’s world.
Author(s): James F. Hancock
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 155
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Origins of World Crops and Livestock
2.1 Peopling of the World
2.2 Origins of Agriculture
2.2.1 Locations
2.2.2 Tip of the Iceberg
2.3 Transcontinental Dispersal of Near East Crops
2.4 Spread of Agriculture Across the Mediterranean Basin
2.5 Indian Ocean Dispersals
2.6 Dispersal of New World Crops
2.7 World Agricultural Systems in 1492
2.7.1 Western Hemisphere
2.7.2 Eastern Hemisphere
References
Chapter 3: Evolution of European Agriculture
3.1 Agriculture of Western Europe in Middle Ages
3.1.1 Major Agricultural Systems
3.1.2 Open-Field System and the Manor
3.1.3 Agricultural Tools Utilized in Open Farming
3.2 Muslim “Green Revolution” in Spain (Al Andalus)
3.3 Spread of the Mediterranean Agrosystem
3.4 Agriculture of the Iberian Peninsula in 1492
3.5 Food and Diet of Medieval Europeans
References
Chapter 4: Agriculture in the Americas Before the European Conquest
4.1 Background
4.2 Major Rural Economies in the Americas in 1492
4.3 Food and Agriculture of Aztecs
4.3.1 Food and Diet
4.3.2 Culture and Land Use
4.3.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.3.4 Agricultural Tools and Implements
4.4 Food and Agriculture of Incas
4.4.1 Food and Diet
4.4.2 Culture and Land Use
4.4.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.4.4 Agricultural Tools and Implements
4.5 Food and Agriculture of Maya
4.5.1 Food and Diet
4.5.2 Culture and Land Use
4.5.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.5.4 Agricultural Tools and Implements
4.6 Food and Agriculture of Taíno
4.6.1 Food and Diet
4.6.2 Culture and Land Use
4.6.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.7 Food and Agriculture of Tupi-Guarani
4.7.1 Food and Diet
4.7.2 Culture and Land Use
4.7.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.8 Food and Agriculture of the Indigenous People of the Eastern US
4.8.1 Food and Diet
4.8.2 Culture and Land Use
4.8.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.9 Food and Agriculture of the O’odham and Puebla in the Trans-Mississippian West
4.9.1 Food and Diet
4.9.2 Culture and Land Use
4.9.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.10 Amerindian Versus Iberian Agriculture
References
Chapter 5: Spanish Conquest and Colonization of the Americas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Initial Spanish Conquest of the Americas
5.3 Pattern of Spanish Colonization
5.4 Organization of Spanish America
5.5 The Spanish Colonial Economy
5.6 Spanish Forays into North America
5.7 The Great Dying After European Contact
References
Chapter 6: Advance of Spanish Agriculture in Colonial America
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Early Crop and Livestock Introductions into the Caribbean
6.3 The Casa De Contratacion
6.4 Early Introductions to Mesoamerica
6.5 Seventeenth Century Agriculture in New Spain
6.6 Early Crop and Livestock Introductions to Peru
6.7 Seventeenth Century Agriculture in Spanish South America
6.8 Spanish Livestock in the New World
6.9 Amerindian Agriculture After the Conquest and Colonization
6.10 The Colonization of Southwestern North America
6.10.1 Juan de Orñate Expedition
6.10.2 Missions in the American Southwest
6.10.3 Indigenous Farmers of the Southwest and Old World Crops
6.11 Impact of Livestock in the Southwestern Americas
6.12 Plantation Crops in Spanish America
References
Chapter 7: Portugal and the South Atlantic Exchange
7.1 The Portuguese Colonization Strategy
7.2 Evolution of the Brazilian Economy
7.3 Slavery in the Americas
7.4 Crop and Livestock Introductions to Brazil
7.5 Spread of Sugar Plantations to Caribbean
7.6 Out from Africa
7.7 The Crop Assemblage of Brazilian Slaves
7.8 Provision Grounds of Slaves
7.9 African Rice and Banana Become Staples
7.10 Portuguese Experimentation with Spices
References
Chapter 8: The Two Worlds Become One
8.1 Portuguese Find Route to the Indian Ocean
8.2 The India Run
8.3 Spanish Explorations
8.4 Andrés de Urdaneta Finds Route to New Spain
8.5 Manila Galleons
8.6 Dutch and English Take Over
8.7 European Colonization of the Eastern North America
8.8 Early Successful European Colonies
8.8.1 English
8.8.2 French
8.8.3 Dutch
8.8.4 Swedes
8.9 Early Colonial Agriculture
8.10 The Colonies Diversify
References
Chapter 9: Dispersal of New World Crops into the Old World
9.1 Dispersal of Major New World Temperate Crops
9.1.1 Maize
9.1.2 Phaseolus Beans
9.1.3 Pumpkins and Squash
9.1.4 Tomato
9.1.5 Potato
9.1.6 Sunflower
9.2 Dispersal of Other New World Temperate Crops
9.3 Dispersal of Major New World Tropical Crops
9.3.1 Manioc (Cassava)
9.3.2 Peanut
9.3.3 Sweet Potato
9.3.4 Tobacco
9.4 Dispersal of Other New World Tropical Crops
9.5 Dispersal of Chili Peppers and Cotton Across Temperate and Tropical Climes
9.5.1 Chili Peppers
9.5.2 Cotton
References
Chapter 10: Five Hundred Years After the Great Encounter
10.1 Acceptance of New World Crops in the Old World
10.2 Crops of the World Yesterday and Today
10.3 Influence of the Columbian Exchange on the Peopling of the World
10.4 Impact of American Foods on Population Growth in Europe
References
Index
