Workbook for Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
1 The Basics
1.1 Overview
1.2 Terms of Anatomy
Anatomical Terms of Direction
Anatomical Regions
Anatomical Planes
Anatomical Positions
Anatomical Cavities
Serous Membranes
1.3 Terms of Physiology
Homeostasis
1.4 Terms of Pathology
Introduction to Disease
Predisposing Factors of Disease
Signs and Symptoms of Disease
Classification of Disease
Diagnosing Disease
Treatment of the Disease
Epidemiology
2 Levels of Organization of the Human Body
2.1 Overview
2.2 Chemical Level
Atoms and Isotopes
Bonding to Form Molecules
Water
Solutions
Acids, Bases, and pH
Organic Molecules
Chemical Reactions
2.3 Organelle Level
Cell Membrane
2.4 Cellular Level
Membrane Transport
Protein Synthesis
Cell Division
Effect of Aging on Cells
2.5 Tissue Level
Epithelial Tissues
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissues
Nervous Tissue
Modes of Tissue Growth, Change, Shrinkage, and Death
2.6 Organ Level
2.7 System Level
3 The Integumentary System
3.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
3.2 Overview
3.3 Anatomy of the Skin, Hair, and Nails
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair
Nails
3.4 Physiology of the Integumentary System
Functions of Skin
3.5 Injuries to the Skin
Regeneration versus Fibrosis
Burns
3.6 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
3.7 Diagnostic Tests for Integumentary System Disorders
3.8 Integumentary System Disorders
Skin Cancer
Skin Infections
Other Common Skin Disorders
Putting the Pieces Together–The Integumentary System
4 The Skeletal System
4.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
4.2 Overview
4.3 Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Histology of the Skeletal System
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Joints
4.4 Physiology of the Skeletal System
Mineral Deposition
Bone Development
Bone Growth
Bone Remodeling
Nutritional Requirements of the Skeletal System
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Deposition and Reabsorption
Functions of the Skeletal System
4.5 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System
4.6 Fractures
Types of Fractures
Fracture Healing
4.7 Diagnostic Tests for Skeletal System Disorders
4.8 Skeletal System Disorders
Osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis
Cancers Affecting the Skeletal System
Gout
Cleft Palate
Mastoiditis
Putting the Pieces Together–The Skeletal System
5 The Muscular System
5.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
5.2 Overview
5.3 Anatomy of the Muscular System
Anatomical Terms
Muscle Actions
Muscles by Region
Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Cell
5.4 Physiology of the Muscular System
Physiological Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Neuromuscular Junction
Muscle Contraction at the Molecular Level
Types of Muscle Contractions
Motor Units and Recruitment
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
Levers
Muscle Metabolism
Fatigue
Comparison of Muscle Tissues
Nutritional Requirements of Muscle Tissue
Functions of the Muscular System
5.5 Effects of Aging on the Muscular System
5.6 Diagnostic Test for Muscular System Disorders
5.7 Muscular System Disorders
Hernias
Cramps
Muscular Dystrophy
Sprains
Muscle Strain
Myalgia
Fibromyalgia
Tendinitis
Atrophy
Shin Splints
Putting the Pieces Together–The Muscular System
6 The Nervous System
6.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
6.2 Overview
6.3 Anatomy of the Nervous System Cells
Anatomy of a Neuron
Neuroglia
6.4 Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Brain
Spinal Cord
6.5 Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
Anatomy of a Nerve
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
6.6 Physiology of the Nervous System
Nerve Impulses
Reflexes
Memory
Language
Pathways
Nutritional Requirements of the Nervous System
6.7 Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
6.8 Diagnostic Tests for Nervous System Disorders
6.9 Nervous System Disorders
Cerebrovascular Accident
Alzheimer's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Paralysis
Hydrocephalus
Epilepsy
Cerebral Palsy
Putting the Pieces Together–The Nervous System
7 The Nervous System—Senses
7.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
7.2 Overview
7.3 General Senses
Anatomy of Receptors in the Skin
Physiology of General Senses in the Skin
7.4 Taste
Anatomy of Receptors for Taste
Physiology of Taste
7.5 Smell
Anatomy of Receptors for Smell
Physiology of Smell
7.6 Hearing
Anatomy of the Ear
Physiology of Hearing
7.7 Equilibrium
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
Physiology of Equilibrium
7.8 Vision
Anatomy of the Eye
Physiology of Vision
7.9 Effects of Aging on the Senses
Changes in the General Senses
Changes in Taste
Changes in Smell
Changes in Hearing
Changes in Equilibrium
Changes in Vision
7.10 Diagnostic Tests for Disorders of the Senses
7.11 Disorders of the Senses
Hearing Loss
Cataracts
8 The Endocrine System
8.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
8.2 Overview
8.3 Anatomy of the Endocrine System
Glands
Hormones
Target Tissues
8.4 Physiology of the Endocrine System
Regulation of Hormone Secretion and Distribution
Receptor Regulation
Hormone Elimination
Functions: Four Scenarios
8.5 Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System
8.6 Diagnostic Tests for Endocrine System Disorders
8.7 Endocrine System Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Insipidus
Growth Disorders
Goiters
Hypothyroidism
Cushing's Syndrome
Putting the Pieces Together–The Endocrine System
9 The Cardiovascular System—Blood
9.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
9.2 Overview
9.3 Anatomy of Blood
Plasma
Formed Elements
9.4 Physiology of Blood
Hemopoiesis
Hemoglobin
Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis
Life Cycle of a Red Blood Cell
Hemostasis
Pathways of Blood Clotting
Elimination of Blood Clots
Preventing Inappropriate Clotting
Blood Typing
Functions of Blood
9.5 Diagnostic Tests for Blood Disorders
9.6 Blood Disorders
Leukemia
Polycythemia
Anemia
Clotting Disorders
10 Cardiovascular System—Heart and Vessels
10.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
10.2 Overview
10.3 Heart Anatomy
Pericardium
Heart Wall
Chambers and Valves
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
10.4 Heart Physiology
Blood Flow through the Heart
Cardiac Conduction System
Cardiac Cycle
Electrocardiogram
Cardiac Output
Heart Regulation
10.5 Vessel Anatomy
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
10.6 Vessel Physiology
Circulatory Routes
Venous Return
Blood Pressure, Resistance, and Flow
Regulation of Blood Pressure and Flow
Effects of Exercise on Cardiac Output
10.7 Effects of Aging on the Cardiovascular System
10.8 Diagnostic Tests for Heart and Vessel Disorders
10.9 Disorders of the Heart and Vessels
Valve Disorders
Vessel Disorders
Myocardial Disorders
Congenital Heart Defects
Putting the Pieces Together–The Cardiovascular System
11 The Lymphatic System
11.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
11.2 Overview
11.3 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymph and Lymph Vessels
Cells of the Lymphatic System
Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
11.4 Physiology of the Lymphatic System
Three Lines of Defense
Nonspecific Resistance versus Specific Immunity
Nonspecific Defenses
Specific Immunity
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity
Forms of Acquired Immunity
Importance of Thelper Cells in Nonspecific Resistance and Specific Immunity
Functions of the Lymphatic System
11.5 Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System
11.6 Diagnostic Tests for Lymphatic System Disorders
11.7 Lymphatic System Disorders
Lymphoma
Multiple Myeloma
Splenomegaly
Allergies
Autoimmune Disorders
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Putting the Pieces Together–The Lymphatic System
12 The Respiratory System
12.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
12.2 Overview
12.3 Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs and the Bronchial Tree
Alveoli
12.4 Physiology of the Respiratory System
Mechanics of Taking a Breath
Measurements of Pulmonary Function
Composition of Air
Gas Exchange
Comparison of Inspired and Expired Air
Factors That Influence Gas Exchange
Gas Transport
Regulation of Respiration
Functions of the Respiratory System
12.5 Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
12.6 Diagnostic Tests for Respiratory System Disorders
12.7 Respiratory System Disorders
Respiratory Infections
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cancers of the Respiratory System
Putting the Pieces Together–The Respiratory System
13 The Digestive System
13.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
13.2 Overview
13.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Anatomy in the Mouth
Physiology of Digestion in the Mouth
Anatomy from the Mouth to the Stomach
Physiology of Digestion from the Mouth to the Stomach
Anatomy of the Stomach
Physiology of Digestion in the Stomach
Anatomy of Digestive Accessory Structures
Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Physiology of Digestion in the Small Intestine
Absorption of Nutrients in the Small Intestine
Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Physiology of Digestion in the Large Intestine
Types of Absorbed Nutrients
Circulation of Absorbed Nutrients
Control of Digestion
Functions of the Digestive System
13.4 Effects of Aging on the Digestive System
13.5 Diagnostic Tests for Digestive System Disorders
13.6 Digestive System Disorders
Leukoplakia
Gastroenteritis
Diverticular Disease
Abdominal Hernias
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Crohn's Disease
Peptic Ulcers
Intussusception
Cirrhosis
Hepatitis
Vomiting
Food Poisoning
Parasites
Malabsorption
Putting the Pieces Together–The Digestive System
14 The Excretory/Urinary System
14.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
14.2 Overview
Sources of Nitrogenous Wastes
Overview of Kidney Function
14.3 Anatomy of the Kidney
Anatomy of a Nephron
Flow of Urine Components through a Nephron
Blood Flow to a Nephron
14.4 Physiology of Urine Production
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
14.5 Water Conservation
Water in the Body
14.6 Regulation of Urine Volume and Concentration
Hormonal Mechanisms of Control
Nervous System Mechanisms of Control
Diuretics
14.7 Anatomy of Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Male and Female Urethras
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
14.8 Physiology of the Passing of Urine
14.9 Functions of the Excretory System
14.10 Effects of Aging on the Excretory System
14.11 Diagnostic Tests for Excretory System Disorders
14.12 Disorders of the Excretory System
Urinary Tract Infections
Hydronephrosis
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Kidney Stones
Glomerulonephritis
Renal Failure
Cancers of the Excretory System
Putting the Pieces Together–The Excretory/Urinary System
15 The Male Reproductive System
15.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
15.2 Overview
15.3 Male Reproductive Anatomy
Testes
Secondary Sex Organs and Structures
Anatomy of a Sperm
15.4 Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Hormonal Control at Puberty
Sperm Production
Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis
Hormonal Control in the Adult Male
Pathway for Sperm
Sexual Response in the Male
15.5 Effects of Aging on the Male Reproductive System
15.6 Diagnostic Tests for Male Reproductive System Disorders
15.7 Male Reproductive System Disorders
Prostate Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Hypospadias
Hydrocele
Epididymitis
Phimosis
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Putting the Pieces Together–The Reproductive Systems
16 The Female Reproductive System
16.1 Word Roots and Combining Forms
16.2 Overview
16.3 Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovaries
Secondary Female Reproductive Organs and Structures
16.4 Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Control at Puberty
Oogenesis
Hormonal Control in the Adult Female
The Female Sexual Response
16.5 Effects of Aging on the Female Reproductive System
16.6 Diagnostic Tests for Female Reproductive System Disorders
16.7 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Breast Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Fibroids
Endometriosis
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
16.8 Pregnancy
Pathway for Sperm to Meet an Egg
Fertilization to Implantation
Hormonal Control of Pregnancy
A Woman's Adjustment to Pregnancy
Nutritional Requirements for a Pregnancy
Initiating the Birth Process
The Birth Process
Lactation
Disorders of Pregnancy
Putting the Pieces Together–The Reproductive Systems
Appendices
A: The Metric System
B: Nutrition Table
C: Spot Check Answers
D: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Additional Word Roots
Endnotes
Glossary
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Index
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