A future without war. Recorded history seems to prove beyond question that war is inevitable. And we cannot achieve any goal in which we do not believe. This book refutes that pessimistic conclusion and thus offers hope. It explains the biological basis of war and the achievable steps needed to foster lasting peace.
The author brings a fresh, unique approach that rests on a solid biological foundation. Using fields as diverse as anthropology, primatology, social history, neurophysiology, and evolutionary biology she builds a convincing argument that a warless future is not an impossibility. This is a book to be read, savored, and shared with anyone wanting to help create a better world.
Author(s): Judith L. Hand
Edition: 2nd
Publisher: Questpath Publishing
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 191
Tags: women power biology peace anthropology non-violence conflict democracy
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Section I - Biology
A Female Priority For Stability Vs. A Male Priority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Invade And Conquer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Martian Men And Venusian Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Biological Logic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Genetics of Inclinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Inclinations and the Bell Curve. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 31
Modern Research and Gender Differences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Differences in Brain Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Differences in Brain Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Studies on Infants and Cross-cultural Studies of Children. 39
The Outer Boundaries of Human Nature. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43
Summary of the Central Hypothesis of Women, Power,
and the Biology of Peace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Section II – A Powerful, Creative Civilization without War – Is That Possible?
The Keftian Way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Comparing State-level Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
The Keftians – Who, When, Where . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Matriarchy And Use of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Matriarchy? . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 51
Use of Power – Making Decisions for the Community. .. . 53
How Women Use Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Who’s Your Mother and Where Do You Live? . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 56
Matrilineality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Matrilocality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Art and Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Women at Least Equal to Men in Influence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
A Sophisticated Culture . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 64
Peace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Why Only The Keftians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Six Necessary Conditions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 70
Section III – Regulating Social Behavior
Regulating Social Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Shunning. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .77
A Sacred Sex Hypothesis . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 79
Evidence from Biology – Chimpanzees and Bonobos. . . . . 79
Evidence from Anthropology – The Canela of South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Evidence from the Keftians – The Keftian
Snake Goddesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Evidence from the Tradition of Sacred Prostitution. . . . . . . 87
The Ideal Of Romantic Love. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Section IV – Women And Warfare
Women and Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Agricultural Revolution and the Shift in the Balance
of Power between the Sexes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 93
Women As Warriors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Defense vs. Offense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Women, Cycles of Defense (Revenge), and
Raiding for Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Breaking Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Section V – Waging Peace
A Vision of a Peaceful Future and How to Get There . .. .. .. .. 113
Taming the Male Urge to Dominate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Hidden Females - To Solve a Problem We Need to Know What the Problem Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Francis Fukuyama’s The End of History and the Last Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Two Engines of History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
The Need for Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A Critique of Fukuyama’s Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Hidden Females. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 124
The need for Connectedness (Positively Met) and the End of History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Looking for Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
What to Do With Young Men?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Moving From “Win-Lose” Cultures to Cultures of “Mutual Gain” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Anticipating Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Empowering Women . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 136
Empowerment Beyond the Political. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 138
Educationally. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 138
Economically . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 139
The Laws . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 140
Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Worldwide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Predicting The Future. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141
A World of Empowered Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Blame and Choice. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 146
Back To Balance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
The Study of Existing Women-centered Cultures . .. .. 148
Positive Aspects of Aggression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Balance . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .152
Appendix 1 – Organizations Dedicated to Empowering
Women Worldwide . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 155
Appendix 2 – Ways to Participate in Waging Peace. . . . . . . . . . 159
Selected References and Additional Recommended Reading. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 163
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Figures and Tables
Figure 1: The Bull Leapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Figure 2: The Procession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 3: The Prince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Figure 4: Temple at Knossos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 5: The Swallows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 6: The Bluebird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 7: Girl from Akrotiri . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 67
Figure 8: Girl with Shaved Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 9: The Harvester Vase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Figure 10: Snake Goddesses. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 87
Table 1: Reasons Women Took Up Arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Table 2: Conquerors vs. Revolutionaries. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103
