Women and Society in the Roman World: A Sourcebook of Inscriptions from the Roman West

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
Figures
Maps
Preface
Glossary
Abbreviations
Maps
Introduction
Women's Lives from Inscriptions
Aims, Organisation and Limitations
Epigraphic Culture
Practical Issues
1 Family Life
I Marriage and the Traditional Virtues of Wives: Variations on a Theme
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Further Reading
1 A dutiful wife
2 Wool work as a symbol of matronal virtue
3 Love and loyalty: fragments of the Laudatio Turiae
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Further Reading
4 Praise of traditional virtues: the epitaph of Amymone
5 Mausoleum of Postumia Matronilla
6 A hard-working wife
7 A virtuous wife
8 Putting the husband first
9 Female virtues
10 Epitaph of Aufidia Severina
11 A fertile marriage
12 The joys of marriage
13 Sweet Urbana
Harmonious Marriages and Romantic Love
Further Reading
14 A long and harmonious marriage
15 Dialogue of a harmonious couple
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Further Reading
16 United in death
17 Marital harmony
18 Equal partners
19 A beloved wife
20 Longing for a deceased wife
21 Learned Pedana
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Further Reading
22 Embalming and venerating a deceased wife
23 Portrayed as a goddess
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Further Reading
24 An Alcestis to her husband
25 An oath to remain a widower
26 A pledge to remain a widow
27 The wife lives on in the memory of the husband
28 Hoping to be reunited in death
29 Posthumous assimilation to a legendary queen
30 Ideals of romantic love
31 True love
32 Killed by witchcraft
33 A long and stable marriage
34 A loving couple
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Further Reading
35 Visiting her husband's tomb
Second (or Third) Wives
36 Divorce and remarriage
37 Two wives buried together
38 A tomb for three wives
39 True to two husbands
Unhappy Marriages
40 Thrown into the Tiber by her husband
41 Murdered by her husband
II Mothers
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Further Reading
42 Providing an example for her daughter
43 Praise of a mother: the Laudatio Murdiae
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Further Reading
44 A mother and a daughter drowned at sea
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Further Reading
45 A mother breastfeeding her children
46 A nursing mother
47 A mother of three
Giving Birth
Further Reading
48 Dying in childbirth
49 Relief at successful childbirth
50 Announcement of birth
51 Death after four days of labour
52 Death during the fourth pregnancy
53 Mother and daughter dying during childbirth
The Natural Order Reversed
54 A mother longing for her daughter
55 A mother burying a daughter
56 A dialogue between a deceased mother and her son
57 Sorrow for the death of a son
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Further Reading
III Daughters
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Infants and Toddlers
Further Reading
58 Flavia Athenais
59 Hateria Superba
60 Two Greek girls dying around the age of one
61 Aemilia Donativa
62 Cornelia Anniana
63 Anthis Chrysostoma
64 Better not to be born
Young Girls
65 On the death of a young girl
66 A daughter dying at the age of seven
67 Dying just before her wedding day
68 The early death of a daughter and a cursed wife
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Further Reading
69 Blaming a freedman for the death of a daughter
70 A girl who looked like a boy
71 A daughter dying at the age of ten
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Further Reading
72 Deceiving the hopes of her parents
73 A girl murdered for her jewellery
IV Grandmothers
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Further Reading
74 A grandmother raising her grandchild
75 A grandmother burying a granddaughter
76 The parents and grandmother together burying a girl
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Further Reading
V Siblings and Other Relations
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77 Two sisters
78 Siblings
79 Aunt and mother-in-law
80 A sister/cousin dying after childbirth
81 A niece
82 A girl's pedagogue and her 'mummy'
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Further Reading
83 'Mummy' and 'daddy'
VI Foster Families and Stepfamilies
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Further Reading
84 Commemorated by the husband and foster parents
85 Mourning the death of a foster daughter
86 A young foster daughter
87 A freed slave raised as a foster daughter?
88 Buried by her daughter and her foster father
Stepdaughters
Further Reading
89 Caninia Pia
90 Calliope
91 Aelia Ulpia
92 Aelia Nebris
93 Claudia Saturnina
Stepmothers
Further Reading
94 A stepmother setting up a tomb for a stepson
95 A dutiful stepmother
2 Legal Status, Citizenship and Ethnicity
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Further Reading
I Slaves and Freedwomen
I A Employment within Large Households
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Further Reading
1 Spinning-women
2 A female weaver
3 A seamstress
4 A female doorkeeper
5 A midwife
6 A pedagogue
7 A personal attendant
8 A hairdresser and a mirror-holder
9 A wool-weigher
10 A masseuse
I B Relationships with their Masters
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Further Reading
11 A home-born wet nurse
12 A tomb for a home-born slave girl
13 Vernae exploited as prostitutes
14 A beloved verna
15 Verna and heiress
16 An unwanted verna
17 A disciplined home-born slave
18 Sorrow for the death of a favoured slave girl
19 A delicium
20 A delicium dying in childbirth
21 A cultured woman with her favourite slave girl
22 A good freedwoman
23 Freeing her daughter
24 A freed heiress
25 A bilingual Greek freedwoman
26 Caring for their mistress's tomb and memory
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Further Reading
27 Barred from her master's tomb
Freedwomen Marrying their Former Masters
28 Antistia Plutia
29 Anicia Glucera
30 Mussia Callityche
31 Claudia Prepontis
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Further Reading
32 Passienia Gemella
33 Helvia Successa
34 Acilia Plecusa
35 Quartia Secundilla
36 Verinia Marina
37 Freedwoman and heiress of a veteran
Female Owners Marrying their Former Slaves
Further Reading
38 Caesia Veientana
39 Julia Secunda
40 Octavia Maximilla
41 Silvana Patricia
I C Relationships and Achievements of Freedwomen
42 A wife and a concubine
43 Fellow freedwomen
44 Unmarried partners
45 A freed Greek couple
46 Worthy of two successive 'husbands'
47 Marital ideals: dialogue of a freed couple
48 A freedman mourning his two wives, one of them killed by witchcraft
49 An imperial freedwoman marrying a freedman and a slave
50 A concubine of uncertain status
51 Licinia Eucharis, an accomplished freed girl
52 Naevoleia Tyche, a wealthy freedwoman
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Further Reading
53 Allia Potestas, a freedwoman living together with two men
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Further Reading
I D Ownership and Legal Issues
54 'Public' freedwomen
55 The purchase of a female slave
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Further Reading
The Slaves of Slaves
56 An anonymous sub-slave
57 Euterpe
Freed or Freeborn? The Legal Status of Petronia Justa
Further Reading
58 Surety for appearance in court
59 Witness in support of Petronia Justa
60 Witness in support of Calatoria Themis
The Privileges of Roman Citizenship: The Augustan Ius Liberorum
Further Reading
61 A woman in Pannonia sporting the ius liberorum
62 A Jewish woman in Tomi with the ius liberorum
63 A freedwoman with the ius liberorum
II Citizenship and Ethnicity
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Further Reading
64 Menimane and Blussus
65 Louba, a Ubian woman
66 A local family in Noricum
67 A Celtic couple
68 An Eraviscan woman
69 Portrait stele of a Pannonian woman
70 A couple from Britain and Syria
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Further Reading
71 Local citizenship
72 A pagan stele re-used by a Jewish family in Pannonia
Citizenship, Ethnicity and the Roman Army
Further Reading
73 Ethnic designations and Roman citizenship
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Further Reading
74 Travelling with the army to Britannia
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Further Reading
75 A military family in Pannonia
76 Dying abroad
77 A Batavian wife following her husband to Pannonia
78 A Cananefatian wife of an army doctor in Pannonia
79 Of provincial descent
80 A sister accompanying her brother from Germania to Britannia
81 A wife following her soldier-husband to Germania
82 A veteran's extended family
3 Occupations
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Further Reading
I Medical Professions
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Physicians
Further Reading
1 Naevia Clara
2 Melitine
3 An anonymous physician
4 Julia Sabina
5 Educated by a physician
6 Asyllia Polla
7 Metilia Donata, physician and benefactress
8 Julia Saturnina
Midwives
9 A midwife saving the lives of many women
10 Poblicia Aphe
11 Scribonia Attice
12 Aurelia Macula
13 Valia Callista
Wet Nurses
Further Reading
14 Crispina
15 Salvidiena Hilara
16 Junia Prima
17 Flavia Euphrosyne
18 Oscia Sabina
19 Birria Cognita
20 Servia Cornelia Sabina
21 Maria Marcellina
22 A dry nurse of 105
23 Severina
II Education
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Educators and Pedagogues
24 A pedagogue
25 A nanny
26 Cornelia Fortunata
27 Thalassia
28 A female grammarian
29 A philosopher learned in all arts
Readers, Secretaries and Librarians
Further Reading
30 Derceto, reader of a Vestal
31 Sulpicia Petale, reader of the poet Sulpicia?
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Further Reading
32 A reader
33 A secretary
34 A stenographer in Greek
III Hairdressers and Barbers
Slave Hairdressers
35 Chrematine
36 Gnome
37 Ploce
38 Psamate
Freed and Freeborn Hairdressers
39 A freed couple running a hairdresser's workshop
40 Nostia Daphne and Nostia Cleopatra
41 A freeborn hairdresser
Barbers
42 Iole Pompeiana
43 Gallonia Paschusa
IV Trades and Crafts
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Craftswomen, Shopkeepers and Merchants
44 Gold-leaf beaters
45 A young gold-spinner
46 An embroiderer in gold thread
47 Jewellers
48 A pearl setter
49 A silk worker
50 Nail makers
51 A shoemaker
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Further Reading
52 A lime burner
53 A perfumer
54 Incense dealers
55 Purple-dyers
56 Tailors
57 Tailors of fine clothing
58 A mender of clothes
59 A street vendor of woollen cloth
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Further Reading
60 A female linen-weaver
61 A workshop of linen-weavers
62 A baker
63 Running a bakery
64 A trader of grain and vegetables
65 A fish vendor
66 A seller of barley
67 A seller of seeds
68 Dealers in honey
69 A producer of resin
70 Selling preserved foods
71 A partner in business
72 A trader of olive oil and wine
Merchants and Ship Owners Exporting to Rome
73 Antonia Agathonica and Sempronia Epagatho
74 Cornelia Placida
75 Maria Postumina
76 Female wine producers
V Entertainers and Bar Personnel
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Further Reading
77 An actress of Atellan farce
78 A mime actress
79 A leading mime player
80 A mime actress of the second order
81 A Greek mime actress
82 An association of mime actresses
83 An actress of interludes
84 A Greek actress-singer
85 Singing twins
86 A flute player
87 A solo singer
88 A singer-musician
89 A tympanon player
90 A singer and water-organ player
91 A young dancer
92 A slave dancer
93 A dancer of the Pyrricha
94 A female employee of a gladiator school?
95 Female gladiators
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Further Reading
96 The reputation of a barmaid
97 A humorous sign for an inn
98 A female innkeeper
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Further Reading
99 A celebrated innkeeper
VI Prostitutes and Prices
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Further Reading
100 Drauca
101 Euplia
102 Lais
103 Spes
104 Attica
105 Sharing a prostitute
106 Novellia Primigenia
107 An anonymous woman
108 A brothel-keeper
VII Managers
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Land Owners and Managers of Brick Production
Further Reading
109 Two female tile-makers
110 Julia Albana and Procilia Phila
111 Memmia Macrina and Procillia Gemella
112 Aemilia Severa and her female managers
113 The manager Caecilia Amanda
114 Avita
115 A female manager of an unidentified workshop
Managers of Lead Workshops
Further Reading
116 Annea Jucunda
117 Aemilia Formiana
118 Vetrania Zosime
119 Aurelia Vernilla
Managers of Workshops Producing and Distributing Fish-Sauce
Further Reading
120 Umbricia Fortunata
Estate Managers and Women Renting Out Urban Property
Further Reading
121 Cania Urbana
122 Flora
123 Saturnina
124 A freedman and freedwoman managing an estate
125 Julia Felix: baths, shops and apartments for rent
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Further Reading
126 The baths of Aurelia Faustina
VIII Women and Finances
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Further Reading
127 Sale of wine harvest
128 Loans made to shipper
129 Receipt of payment
130 Dispute about the ownership of a slave
131 Receipt for the sale of a slave
132 Receipt for auction of goods
133 Receipt of repayment
Moneylenders and Pawnbrokers
134 Vettia and Faustilla
135 Earrings pawned to Faustilla
136 Clothing pawned to Faustilla
4 Social Relations, Travel and Migration
I Female Friendship
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Further Reading
1 Loving friends
2 Female friendship at the northern frontier
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Further Reading
3 Buried in a friend's tomb
4 Including a female friend in the family tomb
5 A tombstone for his dearest friend
6 Living with a friend
7 Setting up an epitaph for a friend
8 A group of friends
9 Setting up a public statue for a high-ranking friend
10 A public statue for a female friend
II Love and Hate
II A Curse Tablets and Binding Spells
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Further Reading
11 Cursing a female thief
12 Cursing the slave Venusta
13 A curse to separate lovers
14 A curse against a slave girl
15 A curse against Quintula
16 A curse against Tretia Maria
17 Binding Rufa Publica
18 A binding spell against a female slave
19 Invoking divine assistance against a thief
20 Invoking the sun-god
21 Divine vengeance for Severa
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Further Reading
II B Graffiti in Pompeii (and Elsewhere)
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Further Reading
22 Insults and obscenities
23 A black girl
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Further Reading
24 Best wishes
25 Rejection
26 The popularity of gladiators
27 Love between women?
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Further Reading
28 Teasing the reader
29 Sex in the army
III Patronage and Sociability
III A Personal Patronesses
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Further Reading
30 A patron-broker
31 Patronal activities by chief Vestals
32 Patronage by the wife of a governor
III B Voluntary Associations
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Further Reading
33 A female official of a domestic association
34 A female member of a youth association
35 Burial by a youth association
36 Perpetual commemoration by a collegium
37 Nymphidia Monime, member of the Augustales of Misenum
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Further Reading
38 Buried by a collegium
39 A statue set up for a patroness
40 An all-female cult association
41 Commemoration by an association of young women
42 A local assembly of women
43 Donations to groups of female citizens
III C Theatre and Amphitheatre, Sport and the Baths
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Further Reading
44 A prohibition against acting and fighting in the arena
45 A female victor of a foot-race
Bathing
Further Reading
46 A bath-house for women
47 Separate bathing hours
IV Mobility and Migration
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Further Reading
48 A girl travelling with her mother
49 Migrating to a mining district
50 A Celtic woman
51 A grant of local citizenship
52 Regional mobility and local citizenship
53 A provincial priestess from Osicerda
54 From Rome to Carthage
55 Migration to the provincial capital
56 From Asia Minor to Lyon
57 From Sardinia to Britannia
58 A Treveran citizen dying in Bordeaux
59 Following her husband to the provinces
60 Travelling to Egypt to collect her husband's bones
Foreign Women in Rome and Italy
Further Reading
61 Freedwomen from Phrygia and North Africa
62 A Greek slave from Apameia
63 Captured in Jerusalem and freed in Italy
64 A Jewish woman in Rome
65 An imperial freedwoman from Asia Minor
66 Migrating from Same to Rome
67 A woman from Spain
68 An imperial priestess from Lyon who died in Rome
69 A Dacian royal family in Rome
70 From Gallia Belgica to Rome
71 Following her husband from Crete to Rome
72 A British woman in Rome
73 A woman from Gallia Aquitania
74 A Pannonian woman in Rome
75 A Thracian family in Rome
76 From Galatia to Rome
5 Religion
I Priestesses
I A Civic Priesthoods
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Further Reading
1 Munnia, priestess of Ceres
2 Eumachia, public priestess in Pompeii
3 Mammia, public priestess in Pompeii
4 Staia Pietas, public priestess of Ceres
5 Helvia Quarta, priestess of Ceres and Venus
6 Ninnia Primilla, a priestess of Ceres of modest descent
7 Licinia Rufina, perpetual priestess in three cities
8 A priestess of Juno
9 A young priestess of Minerva
10 A priestess of Minerva and Diana
Priestesses of the Cereres and Tellus
Further Reading
11 A long-serving priestess of the Cereres
12 A bilingual epitaph of a priestess
13 A great priestess of the Cereres
14 A priestess of the Cereres dying at the age of 103
15 A Greek priestess of Demeter Thesmophoros
16 A priestess of Tellus
The Vestal Virgins
Further Reading
17 The patronal power of chief Vestals in Rome
18 The chief Vestal Flavia Mamilia
19 A Vestal in Tibur
Priestesses of Isis, Cybele, Bona Dea and a Few Others
Further Reading
20 A priestess of Isis in Rome
21 A priestess of Isis dying before her wedding day
22 A priestess of Leucathea
23 Laberia Felicula, chief priestess of Cybele
24 Metilia Acte, priestess of Cybele
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Further Reading
25 A priestess of Bona Dea
26 An imperial freedwoman and priestess of Bona Dea
27 A Greek priestess of Dionysos and Isis
28 A priestess of a cult association of Caelestis
29 A priestess of an indigenous cult
30 A Greek priestess of Heracles in Britannia
I B Priestesses of the Imperial Cult
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Further Reading
31 A provincial and perpetual priestess
32 A provincial priestess giving birth to ten children
33 A public funeral for a provincial priestess
34 A priestess of Antonia Augusta
35 The first priestess of the imperial cult in her city
36 Cantria Longina, priestess of Julia Augusta and of Cybele and Isis
37 A silver statue in honour of an imperial priestess
38 Antonia Picentina, imperial priestess and benefactress
39 Cossutia
40 Vibia Modesta, twice imperial priestess and benefactress
41 An imperial priestess of four coloniae
42 Botria Fortunata, perpetual priestess and benefactress of Thugga
II Female Cult Personnel
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Further Reading
43 A cult official
44 Magistrae of Bona Dea
45 An offering of garments by a magistra of Bona Dea
46 Magistrae and ministrae of Bona Dea
47 A magistra of Fortuna Melior
48 A 'mother of the sacred rites'
49 Supervising the sacred rites
50 A 'mother' of synagogues
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Further Reading
51 A basket-bearer for Ceres
52 A public pig-keeper
53 A female temple warden
54 A public player of the tympanon
55 A tympanon player of Magna Mater
56 A possible camilla
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Further Reading
Taurobolia Performed by Women
Further Reading
57 The first taurobolium in Lactora
58 Two female devotees performing a taurobolium
59 Sacrificing a ram and a calf
60 A player of the tympanon performing a taurobolium
61 Eviration
62 Eviration: a woman receiving the testicles
III Dedicants and Devotees
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63 Women participating in the Secular Games of Augustus
64 Women in the Fasti Praenestini
Women's Dedications
65 To Jupiter
66 To Jupiter and Juno
67 To Dis Pater
68 To Mercurius
69 To Mars Segomo Dunas
70 To Apollo
71 To Hercules
72 To Minerva
73 To Juno Regina
74 To Juno
75 To the Junones Augustales
76 To the Nutrices Augustae
77 To Pietas
78 To Bona Dea
79 To Magna Mater/Cybele
80 To Magna Mater
81 To Bellona
82 To Isis
83 A devotee portrayed in the guise of Isis
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Further Reading
84 A devotee in the guise of Fortuna
85 Initiated in the rites of Isis, but later presented as Pietas
86 To Mater Matuta
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Further Reading
87 To an unidentified goddess
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Further Reading
88 To the Matronae Gesahenae
89 To the Matronae Boudunneihae
90 To the Matres
91 To the Proxumae
92 To Candida Regina
93 To Borvo and Damona
94 To Medru
6 Public Life
I Civic Benefactresses
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Further Reading
1 Ansia Rufa
2 Eumachia of Pompeii
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Further Reading
3 Two sisters restoring the temple of Demeter
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Further Reading
4 A temple to Bona Dea
5 A posthumous donation
6 Junia Rustica, benefactress and priestess of Cartima
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Further Reading
7 Ummidia Quadratilla, benefactress of Casinum
8 The gift of a bath-house
9 Self-commemoration
10 Agusia Priscilla, benefactress and priestess in Gabii
11 Baebia Crinita
12 Caelia Macrina, donor of a child-support scheme
13 Donating a temple
14 A joint venture
15 Cassia Victoria, benefactress and priestess of the Augustales of Misenum
16 Indelvia Valerilla
17 Annia Aelia Restituta, benefactress and imperial priestess of Calama
18 Marcia Aurelia Ceionia Demetrias
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Further Reading
19 A family affair
20 A couple donating a temple for Bona Dea
II Patronesses and 'Mothers' of Cities and Associations (Collegia)
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Further Reading
II A Patronesses of Cities and Collegia
21 Abeiena Balbina, city patroness and priestess of the imperial cult
22 Seia Potitia Consortiana, patroness and benefactress of Thibaris
23 Oscia Modesta, patroness of Avioccala in Roman Africa
24 Nummia Varia, city patroness and priestess
25 Marcia Ulpia Sossia Calligona, patroness of a youth association
26 Ancharia Luperca, patroness of the association of builders
27 Vesia Martina, patroness of the association of textile workers
II B 'Mothers' of Cities and Collegia
28 Cantia Saturnina, imperial priestess and mother of her city
29 Numisia Secunda Sabina, imperial priestess and mother of her city
30 Gavillia Optata, mother of the association of textile workers
31 Mother of the fullers
32 Salvia Marcellina, mother of the association of Asclepius and Hygieia
33 Fabia Lucilla, mother of the builders and textile workers
III Public Statues
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Further Reading
34 A statue in the forum for a priestess of the imperial cult
35 A statue for Varia Italia, priestess of Ceres and Venus
36 Minia Procula, priestess of the imperial cult
37 A consolatory statue
38 A generous couple
39 A family group
40 Statues honouring the family of a provincial governor
41 A statue for a Greek woman from Sicily?
42 A descendant of consuls
IV Public Funerals
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43 Septumia
44 Grattia Paulla
45 Aemilia Sextina
46 A statue and a portrait shield
47 A public funeral for a girl of a freed family
48 A public funeral for Gavia Marciana
V Women and Electoral Notices in Pompeii
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Further Reading
49 CIL 4, 1168
50 CIL 4, 3678 = ILS 6414
51 CIL 4, 3527 = ILS 6408a
52 CIL 4, 7866 = JIWE 1, 217
53 CIL 4, 7230
54 CIL 4, 7873
7 Imperial Women
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1 Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi
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Further Reading
2 Fulvia and the battle of Perusia
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Further Reading
I Life, Death and Deeds
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3 Commemoration of Octavia and Marcellus
4 A memorial of two freedmen of Augustus' daughter Julia
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Further Reading
5 Livia's friendship with Plancina
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Further Reading
6 Livia and Julia Domna restoring the temple of Fortuna Muliebris
7 Livia as a civic benefactress
8 Antonia Minor as priestess of the deified Augustus
9 The tomb of Agrippina the Elder
10 The damnatio memoriae of Messalina
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Further Reading
11 Best wishes for Nero's wife Octavia
12 Best wishes for Nero's wife Poppaea Sabina
13 A gift by Poppaea Sabina, wife of Nero
14 Praise of the decisions of Nero and Poppaea
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Further Reading
15 Hadrian's laudation of Matidia the Elder
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Further Reading
16 A clubhouse of the matrons, founded by Sabina and restored by Julia Domna
17 Matidia the Younger as a civic benefactress
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Further Reading
18 The model marriages of the Faustinae
19 A 'Faustinian girl'
20 Vibia Aurelia Sabina, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, as city patroness
II Titles and Cult
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Further Reading
21 To the Juno of Livia
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Further Reading
22 Livia, 'mother of the world'
23 Livia as 'daughter' of Augustus
24 Divine cult for Livia
25 Celebration of Livia's birthday and the erection of imperial statues
26 Livia as a goddess
27 Antonia Augusta
28 Divine cult for Caligula's sister Drusilla
29 Public honour for Matidia the Younger
30 A temple for Faustina the Elder
31 Faustina Minor as Augusta
32 Julia Domna as mater castrorum
33 Julia Domna as Juno
34 Julia Domna and damnatio memoriae in her family
35 More titles for Julia Domna
36 Julia Domna's divine power
37 Julia Domna as the goddess Caelestis
38 Titles and damnatio memoriae of Annia Aurelia Faustina, third wife of Elegabal
39 The titles of Julia Mamaea
40 Titles and damnatio memoriae of Julia Maesa and Julia Soaemias
III Wealth and Staff
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Further Reading
41 Livia's brick workshops
42 Brick workshop of Plotina
43 A lead water pipe of Trajan's sister Ulpia Marciana
44 Brick workshop of Arria Fadilla, mother of Antoninus Pius
45 Brick workshops of Domitia Lucilla, mother of Marcus Aurelius
46 Brick workshops of Faustina the Younger, wife of Marcus Aurelius
Urban Staff
Further Reading
47 A silk worker of Marcella
48 A seamstress of Antonia
49 A masseuse of Antonia
50 A singer of Antonia
51 A midwife of Livia
52 A masseuse of Livia
53 A hairdresser of Livia
54 A seamstress of Livia
55 A female reader of Livilla
56 A female physician of Livilla
57 A female tailor of Agrippina the Elder
58 A foot-servant of Messalina, mother-in-law of Nero
59 A teacher of Aemilia Lepida
60 A midwife of Antonia
61 A hairdresser of Claudia Octavia
62 A wet nurse of the offspring of Vespasian
63 A hairdresser of Domitia, wife of Domitianus
64 In charge of the jewellery of Faustina
65 A cithara player of Faustina
References
Index