Wireless Power Transfer: Principles and Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 The Era of Wireless Power Transfer
1.1 The Father of Wireless Power Transfer – Nikola Tesla
1.2 Wireless Power Transfer
1.2.1 Acoustic
1.2.2 Optical
1.2.3 Microwave
1.2.4 Capacitive
1.2.5 Inductive
1.3 About This Book
References
Chapter 2 Inductive Power Transfer
2.1 Inductive Power Transfer
2.1.1 Principle
2.1.2 1‐to‐1 Transmission
2.1.2.1 Primary Power Source
2.1.2.2 Primary/Secondary Compensation Network
2.1.2.3 Magnetic Coupling
2.1.2.4 Pickup Unit
2.1.3 1‐to‐N Transmission
2.1.3.1 Single‐Frequency Excitation
2.1.3.2 Multifrequency Excitation
2.2 1‐to‐1 Transmission
2.2.1 Coupled Modeling
2.2.1.1 Loosely Coupled Transformer Model
2.2.1.2 T‐model
2.2.1.3 M‐model
2.2.1.4 Discussion
2.2.2 Compensation
2.2.2.1 Series Type
2.2.2.2 Parallel Type
2.2.3 Power Transmission
2.2.3.1 Load Power
2.2.3.2 Efficiency
2.2.3.3 Relationship Between Power and Efficiency
2.2.3.4 Considerations
2.3 1‐to‐n Transmission
2.3.1 General Configuration
2.3.2 Two Pickups System Analysis
2.3.2.1 Modeling
2.3.2.2 Load Power
2.3.2.3 Efficiency
2.3.3 Multiple Pickups System Analysis
2.3.3.1 Modeling
2.3.3.2 Load Power
2.3.3.3 Efficiency
2.3.3.4 Discussion
2.3.4 Cross‐Coupling
2.3.4.1 Cross‐Coupling Effect
2.3.4.2 Frequency Shifting
2.3.4.3 Compensation of Cross‐Coupling
2.4 What Are the Differences Between 1‐to‐1 and 1‐to‐n Transmission
2.4.1 Power Distribution
2.4.2 Transmission Control
2.4.3 Cross‐Coupling Effects
2.4.4 Energy Security
References
Part II Design
Chapter 3 Design and Optimization for Coupled Coils
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Considerations
3.2.1 Analysis of Power Transmission
3.2.2 Coil Parameters
3.2.2.1 Electrical Parameters
3.2.2.2 Structure Parameters
3.2.3 Shielding Methods
3.3 Optimal Design
3.3.1 Quality Factor
3.3.1.1 Hollow Winding with Track‐Width Ratio
3.3.1.2 Double‐Layer Printed Spiral Coil
3.3.2 Coupling Effect
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Design and Optimization for Power Circuits
4.1 Impedance Matching
4.1.1 Compensation Networks
4.1.1.1 Basic Topologies: SS/SP/PS/PP
4.1.1.2 Hybrid Topologies
4.1.2 Tunable Impedance Matching Networks
4.1.2.1 Discontinuous Adjustment‐Capacitor Array
4.1.2.2 Continuous Adjustment‐Virtual Impedance
4.1.2.3 Hybrid Adjustment
4.2 DC/AC Inverters
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Wide‐Bandgap Semiconductor Devices
4.2.3 Architectures
4.2.3.1 Single‐Phase Bridge Inverters
4.2.3.2 Class‐E Inverters
4.2.4 Soft Switching
4.2.4.1 Zero‐Current Switching (ZCS)
4.2.4.2 Zero‐Voltage Switching (ZVS)
4.2.5 Control Schemes
4.2.5.1 Pulse‐Width‐Modulation Control
4.2.5.2 Phase‐Shift Control
References
Part III Control
Chapter 5 Control for Single Pickup
5.1 Review of Control Schemes
5.1.1 Factors Affecting Transmission Performances
5.1.1.1 Effects of Magnetic Resonant State
5.1.1.2 Effects of Magnetic Coupling Coefficient and Load Resistance
5.1.2 Controls Ensuring Transmission Performances
5.2 Maximizing Efficiency Control Schemes
5.2.1 Resonant Control Schemes
5.2.1.1 Frequency Tracking
5.2.1.2 Controllable Impedance Matching
5.2.2 Maximizing Efficiency Control Schemes Based on Equivalent Load Resistance Adjustment
5.2.2.1 Equivalent Load Resistance Adjustment Schemes
5.2.2.2 Maximizing Efficiency Tracking Schemes
5.2.2.3 Maximizing Efficiency Control Schemes – Design Examples
References
Chapter 6 Control Scheme for Multiple‐pickup WPT System
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transmission Strategy
6.2.1 Single‐frequency Time‐sharing Transmission
6.2.1.1 Modeling and Analysis
6.2.1.2 Verification
6.2.2 Multifrequency Simultaneous Transmission
6.2.2.1 Modeling and Analysis
6.2.2.2 Method of Multifrequency Excitation
6.2.2.3 Discussion
6.3 Impedance Matching Strategy for Multifrequency Transmission
6.3.1 Compensation Network for Multifrequency
6.3.1.1 Dual‐frequency Compensation Network
6.3.1.2 Analysis for Multifrequency Compensation Network
6.3.2 Compensation for Cross‐coupling on the Pickup Side
6.4 Others
6.4.1 Power Allocation
6.4.2 Maximum Efficiency for Multitransmitter
6.4.3 Constant Voltage Control
References
Chapter 7 Energy Security of Wireless Power Transfer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characteristics of Frequency
7.2.1 Frequency Sensitivity
7.2.2 Frequency Splitting
7.3 Energy Encryption
7.3.1 Cryptography
7.3.2 Energy Encryption Scheme
7.4 Verifications
7.4.1 Simulation
7.4.1.1 Case 1 – One Single Transmitter with Authorized Pickups
7.4.1.2 Case 2 – One Single Transmitter with Authorized Pickup and Unauthorized Pickup
7.4.2 Experimentation
7.5 Opportunities
References
Chapter 8 Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mathematical Analysis
8.2.1 2‐Dimensional WPT with Multiple Pickups
8.2.1.1 Load Current Calculation
8.2.1.2 Output Power Calculation
8.2.1.3 Input Power Calculation
8.2.1.4 Efficiency Calculation
8.2.1.5 Physical Implications of the Input Power in the Form of the Lemniscate of Bernoulli
8.2.1.6 Electromagnetic Position
8.2.2 3‐Dimensional WPT with Multiple Pickups
8.2.2.1 Load Current Calculation
8.2.2.2 Output Power Calculation
8.2.2.3 Input Power Calculation
8.2.2.4 Efficiency Calculation
8.3 Design of Transmitting Coils for Synthetic Magnetic Field
8.4 Design and Control Considerations for Pickup Coils
8.5 Load Detection
8.6 Discussion
References
Part IV Application
Chapter 9 WPT for High‐power Application – Electric Vehicles
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Origination of WPT for EVs
9.1.2 Development of WPT for EVs
9.1.2.1 Static Wireless Charging
9.1.2.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging
9.1.3 Regulations
9.1.3.1 IEC
9.1.3.2 SAE
9.1.3.3 Other Works
9.2 EV Wireless Charging
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 Static Wireless Charging
9.2.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2.2 Typical Prototypes and Demonstration Projects
9.2.3 Dynamic Wireless Charging
9.2.3.1 Introduction
9.2.3.2 Power Track
9.2.3.3 Typical Demonstration Projects
9.2.4 Market
9.2.5 Patent
9.2.5.1 Previous Development
9.2.5.2 Patents from Enterprises
9.3 Electromagnetic Field Reduction
9.3.1 Standard
9.3.1.1 ICNIRP
9.3.1.2 IEC
9.3.1.3 SAE
9.3.2 Mitigation Schemes
9.3.2.1 Passive Methods
9.3.2.2 Active Methods
9.4 Key Technologies
9.4.1 Foreign Object Detection
9.4.2 Wireless Vehicle‐to‐Grid
9.4.3 Supercapacitor
9.5 Summary
9.5.1 Improvement of the Charging Power
9.5.2 Enhancement of Misalignment Tolerance
9.5.3 Foreign Object Detection
9.5.4 Reduction of Cost
9.5.5 Impact on Power Grid
9.5.6 Promotion of Its Commercialization
References
Chapter 10 WPT for Low‐Power Applications
10.1 Portable Consumer Electronics
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 Wireless Charging Alliance
10.1.2.1 Wireless Power Consortium
10.1.2.2 Power Matters Alliance
10.1.2.3 Alliance for Wireless Power
10.1.2.4 Others
10.1.3 Wireless Charging Standard
10.1.3.1 Introduction
10.1.3.2 Qi Wireless Charging Standard
10.1.4 Wireless Charging for Mobile Phones
10.1.4.1 Transmission Performance
10.1.4.2 Transmission Stability
10.1.4.3 User Experience (Practicality)
10.1.5 Discussion
10.2 Implantable Medical Devices
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Wireless Transfer for Implantable Medical Devices
10.2.2.1 Inductive
10.2.2.2 Capacitive
10.2.2.3 Ultrasonic
10.2.3 Various Applications
10.2.3.1 Cochlear Implants
10.2.3.2 Retinal Implants
10.2.3.3 Cortical Implants
10.2.3.4 Peripheral Nerve Implants
10.2.4 Safety Consideration
10.2.4.1 EM Safety
10.2.4.2 Physical Safety
10.2.4.3 Cyber Safety
10.2.5 Future Challenges
10.3 Drones
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Challenges
10.3.3 Wireless In‐flight Charging of Drones
10.3.4 Discussion
10.4 Underwater Wireless Charging
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Analysis of UWPT
10.4.2.1 Challenges
10.4.2.2 Analysis
10.4.3 Applications
10.4.4 Discussion
References
Index
EULA