Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort (Classics)

Cover......Page 2
Half Title......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Preface to the Nineteenth Edition......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 13
Table of Cases......Page 33
Table of Statutes......Page 447
Table of Statutory Instruments......Page 478
Table of Conventions and European Legislation......Page 481
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 484
A. Aims of the Law of Tort......Page 485
B. Definition of Tortious Liability......Page 487
C. Tort and Contract......Page 488
D. Concurrent Liability in Tort and Contract......Page 492
F. Tort and Equitable Wrongs......Page 494
G. Tort and Bailment......Page 495
H. Tort and Crime......Page 497
I. A Law of Obligations?......Page 498
2. FOUNDATION OF TORTIOUS LIABILITY......Page 499
A. Damage to Property: Tort and Insurance......Page 502
B. Personal Injuries and Death......Page 504
C. Private Insurance, Occupational Pensions, etc......Page 505
ii. Industrial Injuries......Page 506
E. Recovery of Social Security Payments......Page 507
4. PAYING FOR THE TORT SYSTEM......Page 509
B. Tort and Deterrence......Page 511
C. Tort and Responsibility......Page 514
D. Expense and Inefficiency......Page 516
A. Strict Liability......Page 519
B. Compensation Schemes......Page 520
C. First-Party Insurance......Page 523
7. TORT AND THE COMPENSATION CULTURE......Page 525
2. THE STRUCTURE OF TORT LAW......Page 537
1. HISTORICAL INFLUENCES......Page 538
A. The European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act......Page 544
B. A European Tort Law?......Page 549
3. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK......Page 554
4. TORTS NOT TREATED IN THIS BOOK......Page 555
3. FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS IN TORT LAW......Page 560
1. INTENTION......Page 561
2. NEGLIGENCE......Page 564
3. STRICT LIABILITY......Page 566
4. MOTIVE AND MALICE......Page 567
4. TRESPASS TO THE PERSON AND RELATED MATTERS......Page 570
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 571
2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRESPASS TO THE PERSON......Page 572
3. BATTERY......Page 576
4. ASSAULT......Page 583
5. FALSE IMPRISONMENT......Page 585
6. ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE PHYSICAL HARM OTHER THAN TRESPASS TO THE PERSON......Page 590
7. PROTECTION FROM HARASSMENT ACT 1997......Page 593
8. HARASSMENT UNDER THE EQUALITY ACT......Page 596
5. NEGLIGENCE: DUTY OF CARE......Page 606
1. THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE......Page 608
A. Introduction......Page 611
B. Law Prior to Anns v Merton......Page 616
C. Law as Stated in Anns v Merton......Page 617
D. Present Law......Page 618
ii. Proximity......Page 624
iii. Fair, Just and Reasonable......Page 627
F. Criticism of the Duty of Care Concept......Page 634
A. Omissions......Page 635
i. Cases Where There is Not a True Omission......Page 637
ii. Relationships......Page 638
iii. Dangerous Situation Created by Defendant......Page 644
B. Assumption of Responsibility......Page 645
C. Pure Economic Loss......Page 651
i. Pure Economic Loss Resulting from Damage to Property Belonging to a Third Party or from Injury to a Third Party......Page 654
ii. Defects of Quality in Goods or Property Supplied......Page 658
D. Negligence and Public Authorities......Page 659
ii. Justiciability......Page 660
iii. Duty of Care......Page 662
i. Third Parties......Page 666
ii. Litigation......Page 667
F. Psychiatric Injury......Page 669
i. A Recognised Psychiatric Illness......Page 670
ii. Claimant Physically Threatened by the Negligence—a Primary Victim......Page 671
iii. Claimant a Witness of Danger to Others—a Secondary Victim......Page 675
iv. Participants other than Mere Bystanders......Page 678
v. Claimant Shocked by Defendant’s Exposure of Himself to Danger......Page 679
vi. Other Situations......Page 680
6. NEGLIGENCE: BREACH OF DUTY......Page 705
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 707
2. THE QUALITIES OF THE REASONABLE PERSON......Page 710
3. HOW MUCH CARE WOULD THE REASONABLE PERSON HAVE TAKEN?......Page 717
4. PROVING THAT THE DEFENDANT FELL BELOW THE STANDARD OF THE REASONABLE PERSON......Page 725
7. NEGLIGENCE: CAUSATION AND REMOTENESS (SCOPE OF LIABILITY)......Page 736
1. TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION......Page 737
2. CAUSATION IN FACT......Page 741
A. Multiple Causation......Page 742
i. What Happened?......Page 746
ii. What Would Have Happened?......Page 754
iii. Loss of a Chance......Page 755
A. The Wagon Mound Test......Page 760
B. Application of Foreseeability......Page 763
C. Claimant’s Lack of Means......Page 768
i. Intended Consequences and Intentional Wrongdoers......Page 770
ii. Intervening Acts or Events......Page 771
iii. Scope of Duty......Page 779
8. BREACH OF STATUTORY DUTY AND MISFEASANCE IN A PUBLIC OFFICE......Page 806
A. Nature of the Action......Page 807
B. Existence of Liability......Page 809
C. European Legislation......Page 818
D. Elements of the Tort......Page 820
2. MISFEASANCE IN A PUBLIC OFFICE......Page 826
9. EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY......Page 842
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 843
2. STATUTE LAW......Page 848
3. COMMON LAW......Page 855
A. The Employer’s Duty......Page 856
B. Standard of Care......Page 861
C. Nature of the Duty......Page 864
10. LIABILITY FOR LAND AND STRUCTURES......Page 879
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 880
2. LIABILITY OF OCCUPIERS TO VISITORS......Page 881
A. Scope of the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957......Page 882
C. Visitors......Page 884
D. Common Duty of Care......Page 888
E. Personal Responsibility: Tomlinson’s Case......Page 896
G. Volenti non fit injuria......Page 897
H. Exclusion of Liability......Page 898
I. Effect of Contract on Occupier’s Liability to Third Parties......Page 900
J. Damage to Property......Page 902
3. LIABILITY TO TRESPASSERS AND OTHER NON-VISITORS......Page 904
i. Claims in Contract......Page 910
ii. Liability in Tort......Page 911
iii. Statute......Page 917
B. Lessor......Page 919
11. LIABILITY FOR DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS......Page 939
1. LIABILITY AT COMMON LAW......Page 941
A. Persons Liable......Page 942
C. Burden of Proof......Page 944
D. Possibility of Alternative Cause......Page 945
E. Intermediate Examination......Page 947
F. Nature of the Loss......Page 948
2. LIABILITY UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 1987......Page 952
A. Who is Liable?......Page 953
B. Products......Page 955
C. Damage......Page 956
i. Non-standard Products......Page 957
ii. Standard Products......Page 959
iii. Warnings and Instructions......Page 961
E. The Development Risks Defence......Page 962
F. Other Defences......Page 963
H. Exclusion of Liability......Page 966
I. Limitation......Page 967
3. CONCLUSION......Page 968
12. LIABILITY FOR STATEMENTS......Page 980
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 981
2. DECEIT......Page 983
A. A False Statement of Fact......Page 984
B. The Fraudulent State of Mind......Page 989
D. Reliance......Page 990
E. Damage......Page 992
F. Excluding Liability......Page 994
3. LIABILITY FOR NEGLIGENT MISSTATEMENT......Page 995
A. A Special Relationship......Page 996
B. Professional Advisers......Page 998
C. Voluntariness......Page 999
D. Public Officers and Bodies......Page 1000
E. Hedley Byrne and Contract Relations......Page 1001
F. Agents......Page 1002
G. Failure to Speak......Page 1003
H. Advice Informally Given......Page 1004
I. The Protected Claimant......Page 1005
J. Physical Damage......Page 1011
L. Excluding Liability......Page 1012
M. Reliance and Contributory Negligence......Page 1014
N. Injury to Persons Not Relying on the Statement......Page 1015
O. Lord Tenterden’s Act......Page 1018
13. DEFAMATION, PRIVACY AND RELATED MATTERS......Page 1037
i. A Defamatory Statement......Page 1039
ii. Reference to the Claimant......Page 1045
iii. Publication......Page 1049
iv. Damage......Page 1052
vi. Not Elements......Page 1057
i. Truth......Page 1058
ii. Absolute Privilege......Page 1061
iii. Qualified Privilege at Common Law......Page 1068
iv. Qualified Privilege under Statute......Page 1077
v. Publication on a Matter of Public Interest......Page 1080
vi. Innocent Dissemination......Page 1085
viii. Website Operators......Page 1087
ix. Honest Opinion......Page 1089
xi. Offer of Amends......Page 1093
C. Procedure in Defamation......Page 1096
i. Damages......Page 1100
iv. Removal of Statements......Page 1104
vi. Is the Focus on Damages Satisfactory?......Page 1105
2. MALICIOUS FALSEHOOD......Page 1107
A. The Making of a False Statement to some Person other than the Claimant......Page 1108
C. Damage......Page 1109
E. Defences......Page 1110
A. The Indirect Impact of Other Torts......Page 1112
B. The Human Rights Act 1998 and the Data Protection Act......Page 1113
C. Misuse of Private Information......Page 1116
14. TRESPASS TO LAND......Page 1140
1. TRESPASS DEFINED......Page 1141
2. POSSESSION......Page 1143
A. Trespass on Highway......Page 1146
C. Interference with Airspace......Page 1147
D. Continuing Trespass......Page 1148
A. Licence......Page 1150
B. Justification by Law......Page 1152
B. Action for the Recovery of Land......Page 1155
C. Damages......Page 1158
15. NUISANCE......Page 1169
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1171
A. Public Nuisance......Page 1173
B. Private Nuisance......Page 1175
C. Nuisance to Servitudes......Page 1176
3. REASONABLENESS......Page 1178
A. The Type of Harm and the Character of the Locality......Page 1179
C. Abnormal Sensitivity......Page 1182
D. Limits to Protection......Page 1184
E. Temporary Injury......Page 1185
F. Malice......Page 1187
4. STANDARD OF LIABILITY IN PRIVATE NUISANCE......Page 1190
A. Private Nuisance......Page 1195
B. Public Nuisance......Page 1197
A. Creator of the Nuisance......Page 1198
i. Nuisance Created by Persons Lawfully on Premises......Page 1199
ii. Nuisance Created by a Trespasser or Resulting from an Act of Nature......Page 1200
C. Landlord......Page 1205
7. DAMAGE......Page 1208
A. Non-defences......Page 1210
i. Conduct Permitted by Statute......Page 1211
ii. Other Defences......Page 1214
9. REMEDY......Page 1216
A. Actionable Obstructions......Page 1219
B. Access To and From Highway......Page 1220
C. Damage on the Highway from Premises Adjoining the Highway......Page 1221
D. Condition of the Highway......Page 1223
16. THE RULE IN RYLANDS V FLETCHER......Page 1251
A. Genesis and Nature of the Principle......Page 1252
B. Summary Requirements......Page 1257
C. Dangerous Things......Page 1258
E. Land......Page 1260
G. Non-natural User......Page 1261
i. Consent of the Claimant......Page 1264
iii. Act of Stranger......Page 1265
iv. Statutory Authority......Page 1267
v. Act of God......Page 1269
vi. Default of the Claimant......Page 1270
I. Remoteness of Damage......Page 1271
A. Common Law......Page 1273
B. Statute......Page 1274
17. ANIMALS......Page 1287
1. ORDINARY LIABILITY IN TORT......Page 1288
A. Animals Belonging to a Dangerous Species......Page 1290
B. Other Animals......Page 1291
C. Defences......Page 1296
A. Defences......Page 1298
B. Detention and Sale of Straying Livestock......Page 1299
4. REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE AND STRICT LIABILITY UNDER THE ACT......Page 1301
5. PROTECTION OF LIVESTOCK AGAINST DOGS......Page 1302
18. INTERFERENCE WITH GOODS......Page 1311
1. HISTORY......Page 1312
2. TRESPASS TO GOODS......Page 1316
A. What may be Converted......Page 1319
i. Taking Possession......Page 1320
ii. Abusing Possession......Page 1323
iv. Residual Forms of Conversion......Page 1325
C. Conversion under the Torts (Interference with Goods) Act......Page 1326
E. Title of Claimant......Page 1327
F. Jus Tertii......Page 1330
G. Finding......Page 1333
4. STRICT LIABILITY AND CONVERSION......Page 1335
A. Retaking of Goods......Page 1338
B. Judicial Remedies......Page 1340
C. Causation and Loss......Page 1342
D. Defendant Detaining Goods......Page 1343
F. Effect of Judgment......Page 1345
19. INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACT OR BUSINESS......Page 1365
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1367
2. INDUCING OR PROCURING A BREACH OF CONTRACT......Page 1370
A. A Breach of Contract......Page 1371
B. Knowledge and Intention of the Defendant......Page 1372
C. The Inducement......Page 1373
D. Defence of Justification......Page 1375
E. Inducing Breaches of Other Obligations......Page 1377
3. INTENTIONALLY CAUSING LOSS BY UNLAWFUL MEANS......Page 1378
A. Unlawful Means......Page 1380
B. Intention......Page 1383
D. “Two party” Cases......Page 1385
A. Conspiracy to Injure or Crofter Conspiracy......Page 1389
i. Purpose......Page 1390
ii. Combination......Page 1393
B. “Unlawful Means” Conspiracy......Page 1394
i. Intention......Page 1395
ii. Unlawful means......Page 1396
C. Place of Conspiracy in the Law......Page 1399
A. Liability of Trade Unions......Page 1400
B. Protection from Liability in Trade Disputes......Page 1402
i. Trade Disputes......Page 1403
ii. Inducing Breach of Contract and Causing Loss by Unlawful Means......Page 1406
C. Unprotected Acts......Page 1407
D. Picketing......Page 1409
E. Injunctions and Restraining Actions by Individuals......Page 1410
A. Varieties of Passing Off......Page 1413
B. Goodwill......Page 1420
C. The Limits of Passing Off......Page 1421
D. Remedies......Page 1423
20. ABUSE OF LEGAL PROCEDURE......Page 1449
1. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION......Page 1450
A. Prosecution......Page 1452
B. Favourable Termination of the Prosecution......Page 1454
C. Lack of Reasonable and Probable Cause......Page 1456
D. Malice......Page 1458
2. MALICIOUS PROCESS......Page 1461
3. MALICIOUS CIVIL PROCEEDINGS......Page 1462
4. ABUSE OF PROCESS......Page 1465
21. VICARIOUS LIABILITY......Page 1476
1. THE NATURE AND BASIS OF VICARIOUS LIABILITY......Page 1477
A. In General......Page 1481
B. Particular Examples......Page 1484
C. Lending a Servant......Page 1488
A. In General......Page 1490
B. Carelessness of Servant......Page 1492
C. Mistake of Servant......Page 1494
D. Wilful Wrong of Servant......Page 1496
E. Theft by Servant......Page 1501
F. Fraud of Servant......Page 1502
4. EMPLOYERS’ INDEMNITY......Page 1504
B. Non-delegable Duty......Page 1506
C. Categories of Non-delegable Duties......Page 1507
D. Collateral or Casual Negligence of Independent Contractor......Page 1511
22. JOINT AND SEVERAL TORTFEASORS......Page 1529
1. MULTIPLE TORTFEASORS, CAUSATION AND PROOF......Page 1530
2. DISTINCTION BETWEEN JOINT AND SEVERAL TORTFEASORS......Page 1535
A. Civil Liability (Contribution) Act......Page 1538
B. Limitation and Contribution......Page 1542
C. Settlements......Page 1543
23. REMEDIES......Page 1552
A. Damages Recoverable Once Only......Page 1554
C. Kinds of Damages......Page 1555
ii. Nominal Damages......Page 1556
iii. Compensatory Damages......Page 1557
iv. Exemplary Damages......Page 1559
v. Aggravated Damages......Page 1565
vi. Gain-based Damages......Page 1567
D. Contributory Negligence......Page 1569
i. The Test for Contributory Negligence......Page 1570
ii. Apportionment of Damages......Page 1575
E. Mitigation of Damage......Page 1580
i. Heads of Damage......Page 1582
ii. Deductions for Benefits Received......Page 1591
iii. Pre-Judgement Interest on Damages......Page 1596
iv. Provisional Damages......Page 1597
v. Periodical Payments......Page 1598
vi. Structured Settlements......Page 1600
G. Damages for Destruction of or Damage to Property......Page 1601
i. Destruction of Chattels......Page 1602
ii. Damage to Chattels......Page 1603
iii. Land and Fixtures......Page 1605
iv. The Date of Assessment......Page 1606
v. Benefits Received as a Result of the Tort......Page 1607
i. General Principles......Page 1608
ii. Interim Injunctions......Page 1610
iv. Quia Timet Injunction......Page 1611
v. Damages in Lieu of Injunction......Page 1612
B. Specific Restitution of Property......Page 1613
24. DEATH IN RELATION TO TORT......Page 1632
B. “Subsisting” Action......Page 1633
C. Damages Recoverable......Page 1634
D. Limitation......Page 1635
B. Fatal Accidents Act......Page 1636
i. Damages that can be Recovered......Page 1638
ii. Assessment of Damages......Page 1641
iii. Contributory Negligence......Page 1644
3. RELATIONSHIP OF THE TWO ACTS......Page 1646
25. CAPACITY......Page 1652
1. THE STATE AND ITS SUBORDINATES......Page 1653
2. JUDICIAL ACTS......Page 1659
A. Capacity to Sue......Page 1663
B. Liability to be Sued......Page 1668
C. Tort and Contract......Page 1669
D. Liability of Parent......Page 1670
4. SPOUSES......Page 1671
A. Capacity to Sue in Tort......Page 1672
B. Liability to be Sued......Page 1673
C. Liability of Directors......Page 1675
6. PARTNERS......Page 1677
7. CLUBS......Page 1678
8. PERSONS OF UNSOUND MIND......Page 1679
9. PERSONS HAVING PARENTAL OR QUASI-PARENTAL AUTHORITY......Page 1681
26. DEFENCES......Page 1694
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1696
A. Consent......Page 1699
C. Voluntary Assumption of Risk......Page 1702
D. Mistake......Page 1708
E. Inevitable Accident......Page 1709
i. Self-Defence......Page 1710
ii. Defence of One’s Property......Page 1712
iii. Abatement......Page 1714
i. Public Necessity......Page 1715
iii. Arrest......Page 1717
iv. Prevention of Crime......Page 1723
vi. Stop and Search by Police Officer......Page 1724
vii. Statutory Authority......Page 1725
i. The Defence of Illegality at Common Law......Page 1726
ii. The Defence of Illegality under s.329 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003......Page 1730
i. Waiver......Page 1731
ii. Accord and Satisfaction......Page 1732
iii. Release......Page 1733
v. Abuse of Process......Page 1734
vi. Judgment......Page 1735
vii. Assignment of Right of Action in Tort......Page 1736
viii. Insolvency......Page 1737
ix. Limitation......Page 1738
5. EXCUSES......Page 1756
6. DENIALS OF RESPONSIBILITY......Page 1758
A......Page 1775
B......Page 1777
C......Page 1779
D......Page 1784
E......Page 1793
H......Page 1795
I......Page 1796
J......Page 1798
L......Page 1799
M......Page 1801
N......Page 1802
O......Page 1807
P......Page 1809
R......Page 1811
S......Page 1814
T......Page 1816
V......Page 1820
W......Page 1821