Wind Turbine Icing Physics and Anti-/De-Icing Technology gives a comprehensive update of research on the underlying physics pertinent to wind turbine icing and the development of various effective and robust anti-/de-icing technology for wind turbine icing mitigation. The book introduces the most recent research results derived from both laboratory studies and field experiments. Specifically, the research results based on field measurement campaigns to quantify the characteristics of the ice structures accreted over the blades surfaces of utility-scale wind turbines by using a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and an Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a high-resolution digital camera are also introduced.
In addition, comprehensive lab experimental studies are explored, along with a suite of advanced flow diagnostic techniques, a detailed overview of the improvements, and the advantages and disadvantages of state-of-the-art ice mitigation strategies. This new addition to the Wind Energy Engineering series will be useful to all researchers and industry professionals who address icing issues through testing, research and industrial innovation.
Author(s): Hui Hu, Linyue Gao, Yang Liu
Series: Wind Energy Engineering
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 222
City: London
Front Cover
Wind Turbine Icing Physics and Anti-/De-Icing Technology
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Organization
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Cold climate
1.1.1 Cold climate, low-temperature climate, and icing climate
1.1.2 Low-temperature climate map
1.1.3 Icing climate map
1.2 Wind turbine operating in low-temperature climate
1.2.1 Cold weather package
1.2.2 Ice protection system
1.3 Recommendations and standards
1.4 Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Icing physics
2.1 Impact icing process
2.1.1 Ambient temperature
2.1.2 Liquid water content
2.1.3 Median volume diameter of impinging droplets
2.1.4 Wind turbine rotational speed
2.2 Droplet impact
2.2.1 Droplet flying trajectory
2.2.2 Collection efficiency
2.3 Solidification
2.3.1 Nucleation thermodynamics
2.3.2 Heat transfer
2.4 Water transport
2.4.1 Case study
2.5 Different types of icing process
2.5.1 Rime ice
2.5.2 Glaze ice
2.5.3 Supercooled large droplet icing
2.5.4 Frost icing
2.5.5 Case study
2.6 Icing tunnel and icing chamber experiment
2.6.1 Examples of icing tunnels and icing chambers
2.6.1.1 Icing research tunnel at NASA Glenn research center
2.6.1.2 Goodrich icing wind tunnel
2.6.1.3 Icing research tunnel of Iowa state university (ISU-IRT)
2.6.1.4 Adverse environment rotor test stand facility (AERTS) at Penn state university
2.6.1.5 FRIL aerospace icing chamber
2.6.2 Similarity
2.7 Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Icing quantification
3.1 Ice geometry type
3.2 Ice shape documentation
3.3 Ice thickness
3.3.1 Leading-edge ice thickness extraction for transient ice accretion
3.3.2 Rivulet digitalization for transient ice accretion
3.3.3 Leading-edge ice thickness extraction for utility-scale wind turbine blades
3.4 Two-dimensional ice profile
3.5 Three-dimensional ice shape
3.5.1 Intrusive method
3.5.2 Nonintrusive structured light technique
3.5.3 Digital image projection technique and its application
3.5.4 Digital fringe projection technique and its application
3.5.5 Utilization of commercial structured light 3D scanners
3.6 Prediction of ice-induced utility-scale wind turbine power degradation
3.7 Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Field measurements of wind turbine icing
4.1 Ice detection
4.1.1 Direct identification
4.1.2 Indirect identification
4.1.3 Applications of the icing detection and identification techniques
4.2 Icing risk evaluation
4.2.1 Influence of ice accretion on turbine operation status and power production
4.2.2 Influence of ice accretion on turbine structural behavior
4.2.3 Ice throw and fall
4.2.4 Wind turbine icing in offshore wind farms
4.2.5 Risk management
4.3 Icing forecast
4.3.1 Current forecast models and remaining issues
4.3.2 Icing forecast model
4.4 Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Conventional wind turbine icing mitigation technologies
5.1 Antiicing mode and deicing mode
5.1.1 Icing phases and anti-/de-icing modes
5.1.2 Assessment of ice mitigation techniques
5.2 Control-based methods
5.2.1 Operational stop
5.2.2 Active pitch control
5.3 Mechanical methods
5.3.1 Pneumatic technique
5.3.2 Ultrasonic technique
5.4 Thermal methods
5.4.1 Hot air injection
5.4.2 Resistive heating
5.4.3 Case study
5.4.3.1 Hot air injection
5.4.3.2 Resistive heating
5.5 Deicing fluids
5.6 Exercises
References
Chapter 6 Hydro-/ice-phobic coatings and materials for wind turbine icing mitigation
6.1 Need for hydro-/ice-phobic coatings and surfaces
6.2 Comparison between dynamic impact icing and static icing
6.3 The state-of-the-art hydro-/ice-phobic coatings and surfaces
6.3.1 Superhydrophobic surfaces with micro-/nano-scale textures
6.3.2 Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces
6.3.3 Ice-phobic soft surfaces/materials
6.4 Surface wettability of different hydro-/ice-phobic coatings
6.5 Impinging dynamics of water droplets on different hydro-/ice-phobic coatings
6.5.1 Impinging dynamics of water droplets on baseline hydrophilic surfaces
6.5.2 Impinging dynamics of water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces
6.5.3 Impinging dynamics of water droplets on SLIPS-coated surface
6.5.4 Impinging dynamics of water droplets on soft PDMS surface
6.6 Comparison of ice adhesion strengths of different hydro-/ice-phobic coatings
6.7 Icing wind tunnel testing to evaluate the anti-/de-icing performances of different coatings
6.8 Durability of the hydro-/ice-phobic coatings under high-speed droplet impacting conditions
6.8.1 Mechanism of surface degradation caused by “rain erosion effects”
6.8.2 Durability testing of the different hydro-/ice-phobic coatings/surfaces under high-speed droplet impacting condi ...
6.8.3 Durability characterization of the different hydro-/ice-phobic coatings/surfaces
6.9 Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Plasma-based technologies for wind turbine icing mitigation
7.1 Dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuation
7.1.1 Thermal effects in DBD plasma actuation
7.1.2 Potential of utilizing DBD plasma discharge for wind turbine icing mitigation
7.2 Mechanisms of surface heating in DBD plasma actuation
7.3 Comparison of the heating mechanisms between the plasma-based approach and the conventional resistive electric hea ...
7.4 Evaluation of anti-/de-icing performance of the DBD plasma-based approach against conventional resistive electric ...
7.4.1 Test model and experimental setup
7.4.2 Thermodynamic characteristics of DBD plasma actuation pertinent to wind turbine anti-/de-icing
7.4.3 Comparison of the anti-/de-icing performance of the DBD plasma-based approach against the convention electrical ...
7.5 Optimization of the DBD plasma-based approach with a duty-cycle modulation technique for improved anti-/de-icing p ...
7.6 Hybrid strategies
7.6.1 Novel anti-/de-icing concepts
7.6.2 Case study
7.7 Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Conclusions and perspective
8.1 Summary of the icing research project
8.2 Perspectives for future investigation
8.2.1 Icing physics
8.2.2 Ice detection
8.2.3 Ice prediction
8.2.4 Ice mitigation
8.2.5 Deep collaboration
References
Index
Back Cover
