Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases—and wind energy is a free, renewable resource. However, the induction machines commonly used as wind generators have stability problems similar to the transient stability of synchronous machines. To minimize power, frequency, and voltage fluctuations caused by network faults or random wind speed variations, control mechanisms are necessary. 'Wind Energy Systems: Solutions for Power Quality and Stabilization' clearly explains how to solve stability and power quality issues of wind generator systems.
Covering fundamental concepts of wind energy conversion systems, the book discusses several means to enhance the transient stability of wind generator systems. It also explains the methodologies for minimizing fluctuations of power, frequency, and voltage. Topics covered include:
- An overview of wind energy and wind energy conversion systems;
- Fundamentals of electric machines and power electronics;
- Types of wind generator systems;
- Challenges in integrating wind power into electricity grids;
- Solutions for power quality problems;
- Methods for improving transient stability during network faults;
- Methods for minimizing power fluctuations of variable-speed wind generator systems.
This accessible book helps researchers and engineers understand the relative effectiveness of each method and select a suitable tool for wind generator stabilization. It also offers students an introduction to wind energy conversion systems, providing insights into important grid integration and stability issues.
Author(s): Mohd. Hasan Ali
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: xviii+272
Wind Energy Systems: Solutions for Power Quality and Stabilization......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
About the Author......Page 18
1.2 Why Renewable Energy......Page 20
1.4.1 A Renewable Nonpolluting Resource......Page 21
1.5 Worldwide Status of Wind Energy......Page 22
1.5.3 Spain......Page 23
1.5.7 European Union......Page 24
1.5.8 North America......Page 25
1.5.9 Asia......Page 26
1.5.11 Latin America......Page 27
1.6 Aim and Scope of the Book......Page 28
References......Page 32
2.3 Wind Energy Technology......Page 36
2.4 Basic Components of a Wind Turbine System......Page 38
2.5.1 Wind Turbines Based on Axes......Page 39
2.5.1.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines......Page 40
2.5.1.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines......Page 41
2.5.2 Wind Turbine Power Scales......Page 42
2.5.3 Wind Turbine Installation Location......Page 43
2.6.1 Power Output from an Ideal Turbine......Page 44
2.6.2 Power Output from Practical Turbines......Page 47
2.6.2.1 Wind Turbine Design Speed......Page 49
2.6.2.4 Wind Shear......Page 50
References......Page 51
3.2 DC Machines......Page 56
3.3.1 Synchronous Machines......Page 58
3.3.1.1 Principle of Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generators......Page 60
3.3.1.3 Governor Control System......Page 62
3.3.1.5 Operating Principle of Synchronous Motors......Page 63
3.3.1.6 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator......Page 64
3.3.2 Asynchronous Machines......Page 65
3.3.2.1 Synchronous Speed......Page 67
3.3.2.3 Induction Generator or Asynchronous Generator......Page 68
3.3.3 Synchronous Reluctance Machine......Page 70
3.3.4.1 Basic Principles......Page 72
3.3.4.2 Induction Law......Page 73
3.3.4.3 Ideal Power Equation......Page 74
3.3.4.4 Detailed Operation......Page 75
3.4 Electrical Power Systems......Page 78
3.4.1 Conventional Power Generation......Page 79
3.4.2 Electric Power Transmission......Page 80
3.4.3 Electric Power Distribution......Page 82
3.4.4 Power System Analysis......Page 83
3.4.5 Power Flow Study......Page 84
3.4.6 Per-Unit System and Base Quantities......Page 85
3.4.6.1 Change of Bases......Page 86
3.4.7 Faults in Power Systems......Page 87
3.4.7.3 Symmetrical Fault......Page 88
3.4.7.5 Analysis......Page 89
3.4.7.6 Detecting and Locating Faults......Page 90
3.4.8 Power System Stability......Page 91
3.4.8.1 Classification of Stability......Page 92
3.4.9.1 Operation......Page 99
3.4.9.2 Arc Interruption......Page 100
3.4.9.3 Short-Circuit Current......Page 101
3.4.9.4 Types of Circuit Breakers......Page 102
3.4.10.1 Active Power-Frequency Control......Page 106
3.4.10.3 Methods of Voltage Control......Page 107
3.5 Power Quality......Page 108
References......Page 110
4.2 Power Devices......Page 114
4.4 Inverter......Page 115
4.5 Chopper......Page 119
4.7 Pulse Width Modulation Scheme......Page 123
4.9 Current Source Inverter......Page 126
References......Page 129
5.2 Fixed-Speed Wind Energy
Conversion Systems......Page 132
5.3 Variable-Speed Wind Energy
Conversion Systems......Page 133
5.4 Wind Generators......Page 134
5.4.2 Induction Generators......Page 136
5.5 Wind Generator Characteristics......Page 137
5.6 Maximum Power Point Tracking System......Page 140
5.7.1 Outline of the Calculation Method......Page 142
5.7.2.2 Generator Input......Page 144
5.7.2.4 Bearing Loss, Windage Loss, and Stray Load Loss......Page 145
5.7.3 Calculation Method......Page 146
5.7.4 Simulation Results......Page 149
5.7.5 Simulation Result with Transient Phenomenon Considered......Page 151
5.7.6 Efficiency Calculation Using a Probability Density Function......Page 153
5.8 Chapter Summary......Page 154
References......Page 156
6.2 Transient Stability and Power
Quality Problems......Page 160
6.4 Power, Frequency, and Voltage Fluctuations
Due to Random Wind Speed Variation......Page 161
6.5 Grid Connection Requirements......Page 162
6.5.1 Islanding and Auto Reclosure......Page 166
6.5.2 Other Issues......Page 167
6.6 Design and Operation of Power Systems......Page 168
6.8 Grid Infrastructure......Page 169
References......Page 170
7.1 Introduction......Page 174
7.2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage......Page 175
7.2.2 Battery Energy Storage Systems......Page 178
7.2.3 Advanced Capacitors......Page 180
7.2.4 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)......Page 182
7.2.6 Flow Batteries......Page 184
7.2.7 Compressed Air Energy Storage......Page 185
7.3 Energy Storage Systems Compared......Page 186
7.4 Using SMES to Minimize Fluctuations
in Power, Frequency, and Voltage
of Wind Generator Systems......Page 187
7.4.1 Method of Calculating Power System Frequency......Page 192
7.4.2.1 Effectiveness of SMES Systems on Minimizing Wind
Generator Power, Frequency, and Voltage Fluctuations......Page 193
7.4.2.2 Comparison among Energy Capacities of SMES
Systems to Minimize Wind Generator Power,
Frequency, and Voltage Fluctuations......Page 194
7.4.3 SMES Power and Energy Ratings......Page 197
7.5 Power Quality Improvement Using a
Flywheel Energy Storage System......Page 208
7.5.1 DC Bus Microgrid System......Page 212
7.5.2 Volt/Hertz Control......Page 213
7.5.3 Microgrid System Operation......Page 214
7.5.4 Control of Flywheel Energy Storage System......Page 215
7.5.5 Stability Consideration......Page 216
7.6 Constant Power Control of DFIG Wind
Turbines with Supercapacitor Energy Storage......Page 217
7.6.2 Control of the RSC......Page 218
7.6.3 Control of the GSC......Page 219
7.6.4 Configuration and Control of the ESS......Page 220
7.6.5 Wind Turbine Blade Pitch Control......Page 221
7.7 Output Power Leveling of Wind Generator
Systems by Pitch Angle Control......Page 222
7.8 Chapter Summary......Page 226
References......Page 227
8.1 Introduction......Page 232
8.2 Model System......Page 233
8.3 Pitch Control Method......Page 234
8.4 Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage Method......Page 235
8.4.2 Two-Quadrant DC-to-DC Chopper......Page 236
8.5 Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) Method......Page 237
8.6 Braking Resistor Method......Page 239
8.8 Stabilization Methods Compared......Page 240
8.8.1 Performance Analysis......Page 241
8.8.4 Overall Comparison......Page 247
References......Page 250
9.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems......Page 254
9.2.1 Rotor Side Converter......Page 256
9.2.2 Grid Side Converter......Page 257
9.3 Wound Field Synchronous Generator Systems......Page 259
9.3.1 Speed Controller......Page 261
9.3.2 Pitch Controller......Page 262
9.3.4 Grid Side Inverter Controller......Page 263
9.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator Systems......Page 264
9.4.1 Control of Back-to-Back Converters......Page 266
9.4.2 Control of the ESS......Page 267
9.4.3 Rating of the ESS......Page 268
9.4.4 Design Example for the ESS......Page 269
9.5 Switched Reluctance Generator System......Page 270
9.5.1 SRG Operation......Page 271
References......Page 273
Color Plates......Page 276
