William of Sherwood's Treatise on Syncategorematic Words was first published in 1968. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.
This is the first translation of an important medieval work in philosophy, an advanced treatise by the thirteenth-century English logician William of Sherwood. The treatise draws on doctrines developed in Sherwood's Introduction to Logic ,which has also been translated by Professor Kretzmann.
William of Sherwood is an important figure in the development of the logica moderna ,the distinctively medieval contribution to logic and semantics. As Professor Kretzmann explains, the logica moderna may have originally aimed only ad providing ad hoc rules regarding inferences that involve problematic locutions of ordinary discourse. But its principal aim soon became the development of a more or less general account of the ways in which words are used to stand for things or to affect the meanings of other words. In Sherwood's time the logica moderna seems to have been thought of as having two branches, an account of the ''properties of terms'' and an account of the signification and function of ''syncategorematic words.'' Sherwood deals with the first branch in his Introduction to Logic and with the second branch in the treatise presented here.
The translation is copiously annotated to supply the kind of explanatory material a twentieth-century reader may need for an understanding of a thirteenth-century discussion. As Professor Kretzmann points out, many of the problems dealt with in this treatise closely resemble the problems of twentieth-century philosophical logic and philosophy of language.
Author(s): Norman Kretzmann
Edition: Minnesota Archive Editions
Publisher: Univ Of Minnesota Press
Year: 1968
Language: English
Pages: 196
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 10
TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION......Page 22
WILLIAM OF SHERWOOD'S INTRODUCTION......Page 30
1. The Signification of 'Every' or 'All'......Page 36
2. Specific and Numerical Parts......Page 37
3. 'Every' or 'All' Taken Properly and Taken Commonly......Page 39
4. Proximate and Remote Parts......Page 41
5. The Rule of Three......Page 42
6. A Doubt Regarding the Rule of Three......Page 43
7. 'Every' or 'All' Attached to a Discrete Term......Page 44
8. 'Every' or 'All' Added to a Common Term Known to Have Exactly One Appellatum......Page 45
9. 'Every' or 'All' Added to a Predicate......Page 46
10. 'Every' or 'All' Added to a Term Involving a Clause or Phrase......Page 47
11. 'Another' within the Scope of 'Every' or 'All'......Page 48
12. 'When' within the Scope of 'Every' or 'All'......Page 49
13. The Effect of the Location of 'Every' or 'All' on Supposition......Page 50
14. An Illicit Transformation of a Quale Quid into a Hoc Aliquid......Page 51
15. Another Example of Such Illicit Transformation......Page 52
16. 'Himself within the Scope of 'Every' or 'All'......Page 53
17. The Immobilization of One Distribution by Another......Page 54
18. A Second Example of Such Immobilization......Page 55
19. A Third Example of Such Immobilization......Page 56
20. 'Only One' within the Scope of 'Every' or 'All'......Page 57
21. 'Every' or 'All' Taken Collectively and Taken Distributively......Page 58
CHAPTER II. 'WHOLE' (TOTUM)......Page 59
1. 'Infinitely Many' and Number Words......Page 60
2. 'Infinitely Many' and 'Finitely Many'......Page 61
CHAPTER V. 'BOTH' (UTERQUE)......Page 62
2. 'Of Every Sort' Used Categorematically and Syncategorematically......Page 63
3. 'Of Every Sort' in Combination with Other Distributive Signs......Page 65
4. Logical Descent in Connection with a Sign Distributive of Copulata......Page 66
1. Specific and Numerical Parts......Page 67
3. The Scope of the Negation Belonging to 'No'......Page 68
4. Another Example Regarding the Scope of Such Negation......Page 69
6. Whether Attaching 'No' to a Term Causes It to Stand for Nonexistents......Page 71
7. A Third Example Regarding the Scope of the Negation Belonging to 'No'......Page 72
1. The Scope of the Negation Belonging to 'Nothing'......Page 73
2. The Immobilization of One Negative Word by Another......Page 74
3. The Illicit Use of 'Nothing' as a Name......Page 75
CHAPTER IX. 'NEITHER' (NEUTRUM)......Page 76
2. 'But' Taken Diminutionally and Taken Counter-instantively......Page 77
4. A Confusion of the Diminutional and Counter-instantive Uses of 'But'......Page 78
6. 'But' Used Exceptively on 'Whole'......Page 79
7. Immobilization by Means of 'But'......Page 80
9. A Second Example of Excepting as Many Things as Are Supposited......Page 82
11. The Absence of Confused Supposition from a Term Designating Something Excepted......Page 83
12. Immobilization of a Term in Respect of Which an Exception Is Made......Page 84
15. Immobilization by Means of Exception in Cases Involving More than One Division......Page 85
16. Ambiguity in Cases Involving Exception and More than One Division......Page 86
18. Exception in Cases Involving More than One Time......Page 87
2. 'Alone' Used Categorematically and Syncategorematically......Page 88
3. Why 'Alone' Is Better Added to a Discrete than to a Common Term......Page 89
6. A Supposed Including Effect of 'Alone'......Page 90
7. 'Alone' Excluding Generally and Specifically......Page 91
8. Immobilization as a Result of Exclusion in the Subject......Page 92
9. Immobilization of a Division by Means of a Preceding Exclusion......Page 93
10. Exclusion in the Subject with One of the Terms Involving a Clause or Phrase......Page 94
11. The Exclusive 'Alone' Together with the Copulative 'And'......Page 95
13. The Effect of One Exclusion upon Another......Page 96
15. 'Alone' Together with Number Words......Page 97
16. The Effect of the Relative Location of Words Indicating Exclusion and Division......Page 98
18. A Third Example of the Exclusive 'Alone' Together with the Copulative 'And'......Page 99
2. A Doubt Regarding the Determination of a Subject by Means of an Adverb......Page 100
5. 'Only' Added to a Copulated Term......Page 101
6. 'Only' Adjoined to a Disjoined Term......Page 102
7. 'Only' Adjoined to a Concrete Term......Page 103
8. Another Example of 'Only' Adjoined to a Concrete Term......Page 104
10. That around Which and That in Respect of Which Exclusion Occurs......Page 105
11. A Second Example Having to Do with That Distinction......Page 106
13. An Example Having to Do with That Distinction in Connection with 'Alone'......Page 107
15. An Explanation of the Occurrence of Exclusion in Respect of Different Things......Page 108
1. Whether 'Is' Is a Syncategorematic Word......Page 109
2. The Status of 'Is' Occurring as a Third Ingredient......Page 110
3. 'Is' Indicating Actual Being and Conditional Being......Page 111
1. Whether 'Not' and 'Is' Are Opposed......Page 112
2. Negation of a Term and Negation of a Composition......Page 113
4. Negative Propositions with Many Causes of Truth......Page 114
5. More Examples of Negative Propositions with Many Causes of Truth......Page 115
6. Negation Giving Rise to Supposition for Nonexistents......Page 117
7. The Effect of Negation on an Inference from an Inferior to a Superior......Page 118
1. 'Necessarily' and 'Contingently' Used Categorematically and Syncategorematically......Page 119
2. 'Necessarily' as a Note of Coherence and as a Note of Inherence......Page 121
4. 'Necessarily' Together with the Exclusive 'Alone'......Page 122
5. 'Necessarily' Together with the Distributive Sign 'Every'......Page 123
6. 'Of Necessity' Together with the Distributive Sign 'Every'......Page 124
1. 'Begins' and 'Ceases' Used Categorematically and Syncategorematically......Page 125
3. The Expositions of 'Begins' and 'Ceases'......Page 127
4. Immobilization Resulting from an Occurrence of 'Begins' or 'Ceases'......Page 129
5. Confused Supposition Resulting from an Occurrence of 'Begins' or 'Ceases'......Page 130
6. Ambiguity Resulting from the Possibility of Fixed-state or Successive-state Expositions of 'Begins' or 'Ceases'......Page 132
7. Ambiguity Resulting from the Compounded/Divided Distinction in Connection with 'Begins' or 'Ceases'......Page 133
9. A Third Example of Such Ambiguity......Page 134
1. Conjunctions and Prepositions......Page 135
2. The Difference between 'If' and 'It Follows'......Page 136
5. Truth and Falsity in Conditional Propositions......Page 137
6. Conditional Propositions and Categorical Propositions with Conditioned Predicates......Page 139
9. Ambiguity Resulting from the Occurrence of a Relative Clause in the Antecedent......Page 141
12. Natural and Nonnatural Consequences......Page 142
14. Ambiguity Resulting from Exclusion or Negation in Conditionals......Page 143
17. Ascent and Descent in Undistributed Antecedents and Consequents......Page 144
19. A Second Paradoxical Chain of Consequences......Page 145
20. A Third Paradoxical Chain of Consequences......Page 146
21. A Fourth Paradoxical Chain of Consequences......Page 147
2. 'Unless' Taken as a Consecutive Conjunction......Page 148
3. 'Unless' Taken as an Exceptive Word......Page 149
4. Ambiguity Resulting from Taking 'Unless' as a Consecutive or as an Exceptive......Page 150
CHAPTER XIX. 'BUT THAT' (QUIN)......Page 152
2. Copulating between Terms or between Propositions in a Single Sentence Involving Exclusion......Page 153
3. A Second Example of Such Copulating......Page 154
5. A Distinction Giving Rise to Different Analyses in That Third Example......Page 155
7. 'And' Taken Divisively and Taken Conjunctively......Page 156
9. A Second Example of Such Copulating......Page 157
11. Whether a Copulative Proposition Is More than One Proposition......Page 158
1. 'Or' Taken as a Disjunctive and as a Subdisjunctive......Page 159
2. Various Ways in Which 'Or' Disjoins......Page 160
3. Ambiguity Resulting from a Disjunction Together with a Division......Page 161
5. A Third Difficulty in Connection with Such Ambiguity......Page 162
7. A Fifth Difficulty in Connection with Such Ambiguity......Page 163
10. A Third Example of Such Ambiguity......Page 164
11. Special Difficulties for Inductive Proofs in Connection with Disjunction......Page 165
12. Ambiguity Resulting from the Occurrence of a Modal Word Together with a Disjunction......Page 166
1. The Signification and Function of 'An'......Page 167
2. The Difference between 'An' and 'Vel'......Page 168
4. The Effect of 'An' on Inferences Involving Contraries, Privatives, Relatives, or Contradictories......Page 169
6. A Second Example of That Effect......Page 170
7. A Third Example of That Effect......Page 171
9. The Effect of 'An' on Inferences from an Inferior to a Superior......Page 173
10. A Second Example of the Effect of 'An' on Inferences Involving Contraries......Page 174
CHAPTER XXIII. THE PARTICLE 'NE'......Page 175
2. A Second Example of That Combination......Page 176
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 180
A......Page 182
C......Page 183
D......Page 184
F......Page 185
K......Page 186
O......Page 187
P......Page 188
S......Page 189
U......Page 191
W......Page 192
