Wide Area Power Systems Stability, Protection, and Security

Preface
Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
A Comprehensive Review on Wide-Area Protection, Control and Monitoring Systems
1 Introduction
2 Blackouts in Wide-Area Power System Networks
2.1 Analysis of Major Blackouts in Wide-Area Power System Network
2.2 Assessment of Major Blackouts
3 Challenges in Wide-Area Power System Operation Against Blackouts
3.1 Transient Angle Instability
3.2 Voltage Instability
3.3 Frequency Instability
3.4 The Need of Wide-Area Protection, Control and Monitoring (WAPCAM) System
4 Wide-Area Protection, Control and Monitoring Philosophy
4.1 Wide-Area Protection and Control (WAPC) System
4.2 Wide-Area Stability and Control (WASC) System
4.3 Wide-Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) System
5 Implementation of WAPCAM Systems in Practical Power System Network
6 Conclusion
References
Introduction to WAMS and Its Applications for Future Power System
1 Introduction
2 SCADA
2.1 RTU
2.2 COMN
2.3 MTU
2.4 SCADA Problems
3 What Are PMU and WAMS?
4 Amplitude and Phase Angle Calculation Using PMU Data
4.1 Man and Morison Algorithm
4.2 Prodar 70 Algorithm
4.3 Fourier Algorithm
5 Frequency Calculation Using PMU
5.1 Zero-crossing
5.2 Least Square
5.3 Phase Deviation
6 Communication Infrastructure of WAMS
7 WAMS Applications Based on the PMU Measured Data
7.1 State Estimation
7.2 Frequency Stability
7.3 Situational Awareness
7.4 Power System Oscillation Detection
7.5 Voltage Monitoring
7.6 Alarming
7.7 Dynamic Line Ratings
7.8 Security and Stability Analysis
7.9 Event Analysis
8 Conclusion
References
Information and Communication Infrastructures in Modern Wide-Area Systems
1 Communication Infrastructures in Modern Wide-Area System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Communication Protocols
1.3 Communication Methods
1.4 Communication Requirement
1.5 Advanced Topic for Communication Infrastructure: Cybersecurity
1.6 Advanced Topic for Communication Infrastructure: Data Compression
2 Information Infrastructures in Modern Wide-Area Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Information Infrastructure Architecture
2.3 Data Center Management
2.4 Advanced Topic for Information Infrastructure: False Data Injection Attack
3 Development of a Distribution-Level Wide-Area Monitoring System-FNET/GridEye: Infrastructures and Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 FNET/GridEye Communication and Information Infrastructures
3.3 FNET/GridEye Advanced Applications
3.4 Summary
References
Wide-Area Measurement Systems and Phasor Measurement Units
1 Introduction
2 Stability Problems of Interconnected Systems
3 WAMS Technology
3.1 Data Resources
3.2 WAMS Communication Systems
3.3 WAMS Applications
4 Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
4.1 Historical Development of PMUs
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Block Diagram of PMU
4.4 Global Positioning System (GPS)
4.5 Hierarchy for Phasor Measurement Systems
4.6 Functional Requirements of PMUs and PDCs
4.7 File Structure of ‘Synchro Phasor’ Standard
4.8 Comparison between SCADA and PMUs
4.9 PMU scenario in Indian Power Grid
4.10 Applications of PMU in Power System
4.11 Challenges in PMU implementation
5 Challenges of Wide Area Dynamic Monitoring and Control
6 Conclusion
References
Optimal Selection of Phasor Measurement Units
1 Introduction
2 Formulating the Criterion
2.1 Criterion 1: System Observability Index (SOI)
2.2 Criterion 2: Restorable Islands Observability Index (RIOI)
2.3 Criterion 3: Critical Bus Observability Index (CBOI)
2.4 Criterion 4: Critical Line Observability Index (CLOI)
3 Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) Methods
3.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
3.2 Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
3.3 PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations)
3.4 Compromise Ranking Method (VIKOR)
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Coordinated Designs of Fuzzy PSSs and Load Frequency Control for Damping Power System Oscillations Considering Wind Power Penetration
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Power System Under Study
3 Proposed Control Scheme
3.1 PSS-Based Local Control
3.2 PMU-Based Wide-Area Control
4 Involvement of LFC Design
5 Simulation and Discussion
5.1 Local Versus Wide-Area Damping Control
5.2 Wind Power Integration
6 Conclusion
References
Wide-Area Monitoring of Large Power Systems Based on Simultaneous Processing of Spatio-Temporal Data
1 Introduction
2 Dynamic System Analysis Based on the Koopman Operator
2.1 Schematic Visualization of Finite Dimensional Approximation of the Koopman Operator
2.2 Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) as Approximation to the Koopman Operator
2.3 Standard Approximation of the Operator A
3 DMD Based Data-Driving Methods for Simultaneous Processing of Spatio-Temporal Data
3.1 SVD Based DMD (SVD-DMD)
3.2 Optimal Mode Decomposition (OMD)
3.3 Nuclear Norm Regularised DMD (NNR-DMD)
3.4 Sparse-Promoting DMD (SP-DMD)
3.5 Summary of Different DMD Approaches
4 Wide Area Monitoring of Inter-area Oscillations Modes in a Longitudinal Interconnected System
4.1 Description of Mexican Interconnected System
4.2 Power System Stability Analysis Using Conventional Tools
4.3 Spectral Analysis Based on SVD-DMD
4.4 Computational Effort and Time Window Simulation on Modal Parameter Estimation
5 Wide-Area Monitoring of Global Oscillations Modes on Interconnected Continental System
5.1 Description of the Power System from Continental Europe
5.2 Spectral Analysis Based on FFT Approach
5.3 Spectral Analysis Based on Variants of DMD
6 Conclusions
References
Electromechanical Mode Estimation in Power System Using a Novel Nonstationary Approach
1 Introduction
2 Methods Incorporated in the Proposed Technique
2.1 Pre-processing
2.2 Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN)
2.3 Sensitive IMF Selection
2.4 Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) Technique
2.5 Power Spectral Density
2.6 Mode Parameter Estimation Through Hilbert Transform
3 The Proposed Oscillation Monitoring System
4 Analysis of Oscillation in Simulated Signals
5 Analysis of POSOCO’s PMU Data
6 Conclusion
References
Small Signal Stability Improvement of Pumped Storage Hydropower Using Wide Area Signal Considering Wind Farm
1 Introduction
2 VS-PSHP Versus FS-PSHP
2.1 FS-PSHP
2.2 VS-PSHP
3 Modeling of DFIM-Based PSHP
3.1 Hydraulic System
3.2 DFIM and MSC
3.3 TSC
4 Simulation Results
4.1 Case Study
4.2 Modal Analysis
4.3 RMS Simulation
5 Conclusion
References
Impact Analysis and Robust Coordinated Control of Low Frequency Oscillations in Wind Integrated Power System
1 Introduction
2 Wind Farm and Controllers Modelling
3 Proposed Methodology
3.1 Impact Analysis
3.2 PODs Input
3.3 Coordinated Control Formulation
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Impact Analysis Results
4.2 PODs Input Signal Selection
4.3 Results of Proposed Control Approach
5 Conclusion
References
Frequency Stability of Two-Area Interconnected Power System with Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbine
1 Introduction
2 Components of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
3 Dynamic Model of the Studied System to Solve LFC Problem
3.1 The Main Control Loops in Generator
3.2 Load Frequency Control (LFC)
3.3 The Mathematical Models of the Studied System
4 The Control Model of DFIG Based Wind Turbine
5 Optimization Techniques Applied with Studied Models and Problem Statement Issue
5.1 Problem Statement Issue
5.2 Harris Hawks Optimizer (HHO)
5.3 Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA)
5.4 Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA)
6 Performance of System Frequency Interconnected DFIG
6.1 Impact of Integral (I) Controller for Enhancing the Studied System Frequency
6.2 Impact of HHO Using I Controller to Enhance System Frequency with/Without DFIG
6.3 Impact of SSA Using I Controller to Enhance System Frequency with/Without DFIG
6.4 Impact of SCA Using I Controller to Enhance System Frequency with/Without DFIG
6.5 Effect of Applying Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller to Solve LFC Problem
6.6 Effect of Applying HHO Using PID Controller to Solve LFC Problem with/Without DFIG
6.7 Effect of Applying SSA Using PID Controller to Solve LFC Problem with/Without DFIG
6.8 Effect of Applying SCA Using PID Controller to Solve LFC Problem with/Without DFIG
7 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Wide-Area Measurement-Based Voltage Stability Assessment by Coupled Single-Port Models
1 Introduction
2 Existing Coupled Single-Port Models
2.1 Fundamental of Coupled Single-Port Models
2.2 Voltage Stability Indicators
2.3 Limitations of The Current Model
3 The Modified Coupled Single-Port Model
3.1 Extended Ward Equivalent
3.2 Modifications of Coupled Single-Port Model
3.3 Computational Algorithm
3.4 Extension to Generator Reactive Limits
4 Case Studies
4.1 IEEE 57-Bus System without Considering Generator Reactive Power Limit
4.2 IEEE 57-Bus System with Considering Generator Reactive Power Limit
4.3 IEEE 118-Bus System without Considering Generator Reactive Power Limit
4.4 IEEE 118-Bus System with Considering Generator Reactive Power Limit
5 Conclusion
References
Adaptive WAMS-Based Secondary Voltage Control
1 Introduction
2 Overview of WAMS-Based SVC
2.1 Problem Statement
2.2 WAMS-Based SVC
3 Adaptive WAMS-Based SVC Scheme
4 Successive Approximation Algorithm for ASVC
5 ML-Based Robust SVC
6 Case Studies and Results
6.1 Effects of the Number of Pilot Buses
6.2 Impact of Incoherent Dataset of |Vp|
6.3 Impact of Load Disturbances
6.4 Impact of Topology Changes
6.5 Impact of Measurement Errors
7 Conclusion
References
Applications of Decision Tree and Random Forest Methods for Real-Time Voltage Stability Assessment Using Wide Area Measurements
1 Introduction
2 Overview
2.1 Artificial Neural Networks
2.2 Support Vector Machines
2.3 Decision Trees
3 Proposed EORF Scheme
3.1 Drift Detection
3.2 EORF Algorithm
3.3 Weighted Majority Vote
3.4 Overall Scheme
4 Simulation Results
4.1 Robustness Evaluation
4.2 Effects of Training Set Size
4.3 CPU Time Evaluation
4.4 Effects of Concept Drift
5 Conclusions
References
Superseding Mal-Operation of Distance Relay Under Stressed System Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Distance Relay Mal-Operation Scenarios
2.1 Distance Relay Performance During Power Swing
2.2 Distance Relay Performance During Load Encroachment
2.3 Distance Relay Performance During Voltage Instability
3 Conventional Methods to Avoid Distance Relay Mal-Operation
3.1 Distance Relay Blocking During Power Swing
3.2 Distance Relay Blocking During Load Encroachment
3.3 Distance Relay Blocking During Stressed Voltage Conditions
4 Proposed Method
4.1 Understanding Scenarios for the Proposed Algorithm
4.2 Comparison of the Discussed Cases
4.3 Proposed Algorithm
5 Case Study
5.1 WSCC-9 Bus System
5.2 IEEE 14 Bus System
5.3 IEEE 30 Bus System
5.4 Comparison with Existing Methods
6 Conclusion
References
Real-Time Voltage Stability Monitoring Using Machine Learning-Based PMU Measurements
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
2.2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
2.3 Moth Swarm Algorithm (MSA)
3 Proposed Hybrid Models
3.1 MSA for Training MLP Network
3.2 Hybrid ANFIS–MSA Model
3.3 Accuracy Assessment Criteria
4 Models Implementation for Voltage Stability Monitoring
4.1 Voltage Stability Indicator
4.2 Generation of Training and Testing Data
4.3 Real-Time Prediction of VSI
5 Case Study and Simulation Results
5.1 Test Systems
5.2 Data Preparation
5.3 Performance Comparison
6 Conclusions
References
Wide-area Transmission System Fault Analysis Based on Three-Phase State Estimation with Considering Measurement Errors
1 Introduction
1.1 Literature Review and Background
1.2 Contributions
2 Three-Phase State Estimation
3 The Proposed Method to Determine Matrix R
4 Modified Three-Phase State Estimation Formulation for Fault Location
4.1 Fault Location as a Hypothetical Bus
4.2 Bad Data Detection
4.3 Observability and Data Redundancy
4.4 Proposed Algorithm
5 Simulation Results
5.1 Faulty Line Discrimination
5.2 Importance of Matrix R and Measurement Chain Error Modeling in the Fault Location Algorithm
5.3 Study of Bad Data Detection in the Measurement Vector
5.4 Impact of Different Data Redundancy Methods on the Proposed Algorithm
5.5 A Discussion on the Speed of the Proposed Algorithm
6 Conclusions
References
Data-Driven Wide-Area Situation Analyzer for Power System Event Detection and Severity Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Proposed Wide Area Situation Analyzer (WASA)
3 Performance of WASA: Result and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Techno-Economic Analysis of WAMS Based Islanding Detection Algorithm for Microgrids with Minimal PMU in Smart Grid Environment
1 Introduction and Chapter Overview
2 Concept of Proposed Islanding Detection Algorithm
3 Implementation of the IDA
3.1 Case 1
3.2 Case 2: Loss of Feeder Connected to DG in MG
3.3 Case 3: Persistent Fault in MG
4 Result Analysis
4.1 Case 1
4.2 Case 2
4.3 Case 3
4.4 Performance Evaluation of the IDA for Transient Events
5 Economic Analysis of the Proposed IDA with Minimal Placement of PMUs
5.1 Probability of Power Balance and Microgrid Performance Index
5.2 Reliability Benefit for Microgrid Under Islanded Operation
6 Decision Tree Technique for Islanding Detection in Real Time
7 Comparison of the Proposed IDA with Recent Works
8 Conclusion
References
Independent Estimation of Generator Clustering and Islanding Conditions in Power System with Microgrid and Inverter-Based Generation
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Foundation
2.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
2.2 Eigenvalue Sensitivity
2.3 Participation Factors
2.4 Covariance Matrix
3 Estimation Method of Generation Clustering and Islanding Condition in Power System
3.1 First Stage: Data Acquisition
3.2 Second Stage: Data Processing
3.3 Third Stage: Calculation of Participation Factors
4 Testing and Validation of the Proposed Methodology
4.1 Test Systems
4.2 Tests and Results for the 39-Bus System
4.3 Tests and Results for the 9-Bus Extended System
5 Conclusion
References
Resilience in Wide Area Monitoring Systems for Smart Grids
1 Introduction
2 Related Work on WAMS Resilience
2.1 Resilience in Critical Infrastructures
2.2 Approaches for WAMS Resilience
2.3 A Dependency Analysis Model for Assessing WAMS Resilience
3 Extending Our Dependency Analysis WAMS Resilience Model for Renewable Resources
3.1 Quantifying System Buses Based on Installation of Renewable Resources
3.2 Designing Resilience WAMS for IEEE 30 Bus System
4 Conclusion
References
Cyber Kill Chain-Based Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Smart Grid
1 Introduction
1.1 Challenges for IDS in Smart Grid
1.2 Related Work
2 Intrusion Detection System in Smart Grid
2.1 Smart Grid Communication Architecture
2.2 Intrusion Detection System Taxonomy
3 Hybrid Intrusion Detection System: A Potential Solution
3.1 Cyber Kill Chain Mapping with HIDS
4 Case Study: Hybrid IDS for Wide-Area Protection Scheme
4.1 Problem Formulation
4.2 Scenarios and Data Generation
4.3 Hybrid IDS Components
4.4 Experimental Setup
4.5 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusion
References