Russia poses a major puzzle for theorists of party development. Virtually every classic work takes parties to be inevitable and essential to electoral competition, but Russia remains highly nonpartisan more than fifteen years after Gorbachev first launched his democratizing reforms. The problem is that theories of party development lack a "control case," almost always focusing on cases where parties have already developed and almost never examining countries where independent politicians are the norm. This book focuses on Russia as just such a control case. It mobilizes fresh public opinion surveys, interviews with leading Russian politicians, careful tracking of multiple campaigns, and analysis of national and regional voting patterns to show why Russia stands out. Russia's historically influenced combination of federalism and "superpresidentialism," coupled with a postcommunist redistribution of resources to regional political machines and "oligarchic" financial-industrial groups, produced and sustained powerful "party substitutes" that have largely squeezed Russia's real parties out of the "electoral market," damaging Russia's democratic development.
Author(s): Henry E. Hale
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 288
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Exceptions Made for People’s Names:......Page 13
1
Electoral Markets and Russia’s Political Smorgasbord......Page 15
the puzzle of stalled party development in russia......Page 17
political science and party system development......Page 21
electoral markets: the politics of supply and demand......Page 23
The Market Basics of Party Formation......Page 24
A Market Explanation for Party Origins and Survival......Page 25
Political Capital......Page 26
Strategy and Contingency......Page 29
Lasting Effects of Initial Outcomes......Page 31
A Market Explanation for Party System Development......Page 32
Party Substitutes and Party Systems......Page 33
The Party-Party Substitute Balance as the Key to Explaining Party System Development......Page 34
the russian case and comparative theory:
how the volume unfolds......Page 36
2
Party Entrepreneurship in Russia’s Electoral
Market 1989–2005......Page 40
russia’s legacy of patrimonial communism......Page 41
creating the institutional rules of the game
in russia 1989–2005......Page 43
Federal Institutions of the First Republic......Page 44
Federal Institutions of the Second Republic......Page 45
Regional Electoral Institutions......Page 48
Institutions: Summing Up......Page 50
starting political capital at the launch
of russia’s second republic......Page 51
explaining initial party survival: capital,
strategy, contingency......Page 59
Civic Union......Page 60
Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms (RDDR)......Page 61
Sergei Shakhrai’s Party of Russian Unity and Accord (PRES)......Page 62
The Democratic Party of Russia......Page 64
The Agrarian Party of Russia......Page 65
Women of Russia......Page 67
Russia’s Choice, Russia’s Democratic Choice, and the Union of Right Forces......Page 68
Yabloko......Page 72
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF)......Page 76
The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR)......Page 81
Party Upstarts: Trying to Crash the Party......Page 84
Our Home is Russia and the Rybkin Bloc......Page 85
Motherland, the Congress of Russian Communities (KRO), and General Lebed’s Parties......Page 87
Fatherland–All Russia......Page 94
Unity......Page 96
United Russia......Page 98
summing up......Page 99
3 How Much Party Is in the Party System?......Page 105
parties in the electorate......Page 106
Voter Knowledge of Parties and Party Stands......Page 107
Voter Loyalties to Parties......Page 108
Bases of Voter Loyalties to Parties......Page 114
The Proportional-Representation (PR) Half of the Duma Elections......Page 121
The Single-Member-District (SMD) Half of the Duma Elections......Page 130
parties and the gubernatorial office......Page 147
parties and regional legislatures......Page 154
conclusion......Page 162
4 Electoral Markets and Party Substitutes in Russia......Page 164
the emergence of party substitutes in russia......Page 165
Soviet Political Ethnicity......Page 166
Soviet Political Economy......Page 167
The Gorbachev Reforms......Page 170
The Yeltsin Reforms......Page 172
The Impact of Legacy and Transition on Electoral Politics......Page 176
Politicized Financial-Industrial Groups (PFIGs)......Page 177
Regional Political Machines......Page 180
parties, party substitutes, and imperfect electoral markets......Page 187
parties, party substitutes, and voting patterns......Page 191
SMD Duma Elections......Page 192
Legislative Assembly Elections......Page 200
Gubernatorial Elections......Page 204
presidential elections......Page 207
conclusion......Page 209
5 Parties and Party Substitutes......Page 211
paths to a fully party system: the
ideational-capital-driven path......Page 212
paths to a fully party system: the
administrative-capital-driven path......Page 218
The Russian Presidency and Parties......Page 219
Politicized Financial-Industrial Groups and Parties......Page 223
Governors and Parties......Page 225
fatherland–all russia’s challenge and the kremlin’s
response of unity......Page 229
Fatherland: Initial Failures......Page 230
Fatherland’s Breakthrough: All Russia and the Primakov Factor......Page 233
The Kremlin Strikes Back: The Rise of Unity......Page 236
De-Focalization: The Mass Media Assault......Page 237
Counter-Focalization: The Grooming of Mr. Putin......Page 238
The Apartment Bombings of September 1999 and the New Invasion of Chechnya......Page 239
A Decoy Party: The Founding of the Unity Bloc......Page 240
scared straight: the rise of united russia and putin’s
party reforms......Page 242
From Unity to United Russia......Page 244
Putin’s Party System Reforms......Page 245
conclusion......Page 247
6 Conclusion......Page 249
the puzzle of russia in comparative perspective......Page 250
the market model and theories of party system development......Page 253
the market model and theories of national integration......Page 256
the market model, democracy, and autocracy......Page 258
References......Page 263
Index......Page 279
