This book uses survey data in "hot spots" around the globe, to analyse various models of social justice, particularly the principle of equality, from a pragmatic perspective. Starting with ordinary actors, social movements, and concrete contexts, the authors question foundations of social and political democracy in our times. They focus on how social actors deal with the principles of justice and judgments of justice at work and in their social lives. The book suggests that the increase in social inequalities in recent decades contrasts with the blurring of the aims of social justice. At a time when the reconsideration of politics largely depends on its relevance to and aspirations for social justice, the authors of this book question contemporary developments by illustrating its variety, according to specific historical, institutional, social and organizational contexts.The book will be useful to students and scholars in the social sciences, especially those interested in moral questions regarding social justice, from an empirical and practical point of view.
Author(s): Emmanuelle Barozet, Ivan Sainsaulieu, Régis Cortesero, David Mélo
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 441
City: Cham
Foreword
Philosophy and Sociology of Justice
The Limits of an Outline
The Tensions of Experience
Injustice and Action
Are All Causes Just?
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
General Introduction: Multidisciplinary Models and Trial–and-Error Sociology
Introduction
Pluralisation and Concretisation of Debates
Pluralisation and Its Challenges
The Angel of Philosophy at the Cradle of Social Justice
The Approach Through Social Psychology and Economics
A Sociology of Social Justice?
Historicisation and Politicisation of the Issues
The Socio-Historical Framework of Social Justice
Malaise in Equality
Merit and Performance: Mechanism or Ideology?
Non-Sociological Merit
Detecting Practices
About the Structure of the Present Work
References
Part I: Social Justice and Its Analytical Crisis
1: Between Justice and Goodness: Anti-Relativist Interaction in the Sociology of Social Justice
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Axiological Neutrality and Sociology of Social Justice
1.2.1 A Dialogue Between Philosophers and Sociologists
1.2.2 “Axiologically Located” Sociologies
1.3 Sociology as a Moral Science
1.3.1 Morality, Modernity and Reason
1.3.2 The Contemporary Relocalisation of the “Foundations”
1.4 Imperative Perspective and Attractive Perspective
1.4.1 The Debate Imposes Reason
1.4.2 Motivation Comes from the Good!
1.5 Putting the Two Sides of Morality Back Together
1.5.1 One-Eyed Perspectives
1.5.2 When One “Side” Is Subordinated to the Other
1.5.3 When Goodness and Justice Clash
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: The Degrees of Social Justice: Micro, Mezzo and Macro social Levels
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Degrees of Social Justice, or Calling into Question the Founding Orientation of the Empirical Approach
2.3 How Do We Go from Moral Philosophy to Daily and Partial Judgements?
2.4 The Contributions of the Founding Disciplines: How Economics and Social Psychology Deal with the Question of Degrees of Justice
2.5 And What Is Sociology’s Role in All This?
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Methodological Approaches to Social Justice: Results and Challenges for a Socio-historical Perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Quantitative Analysis of Perceptions of Justice
3.3 Limitations of Quantitative Methods in the Study of Ideas of Justice
3.4 Qualitative Methods and Understanding Representations of Social Justice Over Time
3.5 The Problem of Validation: Combination of Approaches in the Study of Justice as a Socio-historic Process
3.6 The Problem of Interpretation
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: The Middle Class and the Welfare State: A Conditional Loyalty?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Middle Classes and Welfare State: From Honeymoon to Rising Doubts
4.3 Measuring Middle-Class Support for the Welfare State
4.4 Continued Loyalty Despite Mounting Criticism
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: “French-Style” Parity and Diversity: The Temptation of Inclusion Conditioned by Performance for “Non-brothers”
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Equality in the Twenty-First Century: The End of the Legal and Political Cycle?
5.2.1 Contemporary Antifeminism or the Continuing Legacy of Complementarity Between the Sexes
5.2.2 Politics Transcends Culture and Economics
5.3 The Performance of “mixité”: Commodification of Equality
5.3.1 Promoting Parity and Diversity: Inclusion Conditioned by Performance
5.3.2 Equality as Social Investment
5.4 Conclusion: Parity and Diversity or the Temptation of a Modern Capacity-Based Citizenship
References
6: Attitudes to Justice and Injustice in the Company: Recruiters Faced with the Theme of Non-discrimination and Diversity
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Metamorphoses of Recognition of Discrimination in France: An Area of Tension
6.2.1 The Era of Uncertain Links Between Social Inequality and Racism
6.2.2 The Impetus from an Ambiguous Anti-discrimination Dynamic
6.3 The Business World Makes Its Entrance: Non-discrimination and/or Diversity?
6.4 The Hesitations of Recruiters Regarding Non-discrimination and Diversity
6.4.1 Constellation 1: To See or Not to See Difference
6.4.2 Constellation 2: Between a Natural Order in the Company and Controlled Management of Difference
6.4.3 Constellation 3: Display and Invisibility of Random Forms of Action
6.5 Conclusion
References
7: Performance Evaluation: A Key Element of Recognition at Work
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A Change of Perspective
7.3 The Injunction to Surpass Oneself
7.4 Which Measurement Indicators?
7.5 When Intentions and Practices Collide
7.6 Conclusion: Can the Promise of and Demand for Recognition Be Reconciled?
References
Part II: The Tinkering of Justice in Action
8: Constructing an Environmental Justice Framework for the Analysis of Environmental Inequalities
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Rethinking Environmental Issues in Terms of Inequality and Justice
8.3 Environmental Justice: From Social Movement to Academic Discipline
8.4 Heuristic Controversies
8.5 An Original Analytical Framework
8.5.1 Defining and Analysing Environmental Inequalities Inclusively
8.5.2 An Integrative Theoretical Approach
8.6 Conclusion
References
9: Spatial and Environmental Justice
9.1 Introduction: A Recent Concept in Geography
9.2 How to Think About Spatial and Environmental Justice?
9.3 Justice and Spatial Scales
9.4 Spatial Planning: Producing Justice
9.5 Conclusion
References
10: Questioning Social Justice in the Light of Cosmopolitanism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Justice Confined Within Borders?
10.3 The Inevitability of Cosmopolitan Justice
10.4 Cosmopolitanism in Debate
10.5 Against Global Inequalities… Pursuing Our Own Interest?
10.6 Conclusions
11: Undocumented, Unschooled? Trial and Error in the Migrant Justice Movement in Quebec
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Decisive Local Factors in an Imported Cause
11.2.1 Emergence of a Militant World
11.2.2 Opening up New Perspectives
11.3 Trial-and-Error Recruitment: Which Direction for the Cause?
11.3.1 Independence Out of the Spotlight
11.3.2 Family Resemblance at the Margins
11.4 The Cause Takes Root
11.4.1 Can a Movement Be “for” But “Without”?
11.4.2 Media Bluff
11.4.3 The Victims’ Stories: Forced Into the Limelight
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Hacking: A Compartmentalised Social Justice Project
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Hacking Between Utopian Communities and Individual Success
12.2.1 Hackers Who “Make It”
12.2.2 The People’s Hackers
12.3 Hacktivism, an Outgrowth of the Movement of Mass Education
12.3.1 Remoteness from Politics and Self-Serving Commitments
12.3.2 A Commitment to Make Hacking Better Known and to Share Knowledge with Fellow Citizens
12.4 Conclusion: A Compartmentalised Project of Justice
References
Part III: In situ Reinvention of Political or Religious Transcendence
13: Militancy and Religious Feeling in the Younger Generations of the Landless Workers’ Movement in Brazil
13.1 The Political Culture of the MST: Christian Roots and Socialism
13.2 Liberation Theology: Organising the People, Underlining the Value of the Person
13.2.1 Signs and Emblems
13.2.2 Highlighting Popular Culture
13.2.3 A Grammar of Affection at the Basis of the Community
13.3 Turning an Occupation Into a “Sublime Action”
13.3.1 Affronting Private Property and Accepting Death
13.3.2 Bringing “Love and Joy” to Life Through the Experience of the Mística
13.4 Conclusion
References
14: Religious Congregations as Safe Spaces: Dolores Mission Church and the Struggle for Social Justice in Los Angeles
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Church of the Gang Members
14.3 Politicising Religious Sociability
14.4 Selecting the Right Leaders
14.5 Mobilising the Community
14.6 Defending the Interests of Which Community?
15: The Social History of Three Configurations of Social Justice in Turkey
15.1 Introduction
15.2 1960–2002: The Struggle for Redistribution and Refusal to Recognise National Minorities
15.3 The AKP Era: Redefining Social Assistance and Continuing Hostility to Diversity
15.4 The HDP: Reconciliating Redistribution and Recognition of Minorities
15.5 Conclusion
References
16: The “Popular Base” of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements. The Case of Hezbollah in Lebanon
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Civil Society and Hezbollah: Religion and Armed Resistance as a Means of Building a Popular Base
16.3 Gradual Integration Into the Lebanese Sectarian State to Become the First Shi’a Political Representative
16.4 A Changing Social Base
16.5 Hezbollah Neoliberal Policies
16.6 Hezbollah and the Social Issue
16.7 Conclusion
References
17: ‘México en llamas’: Political Utopia and ‘taking justice into one’s own hands’ in Times of War
17.1 Introduction
17.2 From Alterity to Political Alternative: The Zapatista Good Government Councils
17.2.1 The Zapatista “opening”
17.2.2 Observing Zapatista “good government”
17.3 The Other Way of Doing Politics in Response to War: Arming for Self-defence
17.4 Seeking the Truth in Order to Obtain Social Justice: Ayotzinapa and the Search for the Disappeared
17.5 Conclusion
References
18: Educational Controversies and Social Justice Issues
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Progressive Education Faced with the Ideal of Social Justice
18.2.1 Ambivalence of Progressive Education in Support of the Workers’ Movement
18.3 French Education and the Challenge of Broadening Secondary School Access
18.4 New Teaching Practices Confronted with the Empirical Sciences
18.4.1 New Teaching Practices and the Sociology of Social Inequality
18.4.2 New Learning Practices and Effective Teaching
18.5 Conclusion
References
19: The Resistance Economy: A Holistic Engagement Against the Occupation in Palestine?
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Occupation, Sovereignty and Economic Resistance
19.2.1 A Political Critique of Neoliberalism in the Context of Colonial Occupation
19.2.2 The Necessity of a Fair, Local Economy
19.3 Politicizing the Economy: Towards Another Society and New Political Subjectivities
19.3.1 Democratizing the Economy, Reclaiming Resources
19.3.2 Remaking Society
19.4 Conclusion
References
Postscript: Social Justice Is Relatively Useful
Postface: Sociology, Social Justice and Emancipation—Towards an Epistemological Compass, Between Fog, Dispersion and Reproblematisation
Introduction: On the Age and Some of Its Issues
Sociological Problems from the Social Justice Viewpoint
Social Justice, at the Intersection of the Social Sciences and Emancipatory Action
Conclusion
Towards a Conflictual Alliance Between the Sociology of Social Justice and Social Movements
References
Author Index
Subject Index
