Western Civilizations: Their History & Their Culture

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Maps
Primary Sources
Preface
1: Early Civilizations
Before Civilization
The Building Blocks of Civilization
Urban Development in Mesopotamia
The Culture of Sumer
The First Empires
The Development of Civilization in Egypt
Past and Present: Engineering Nature
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Narmer Palette
Egyptian Culture and Society
Conclusion
2: Peoples, Gods, and Empires: 1700–500 B.C.E.
Indo-European Languages and Peoples
The New Kingdom of Egypt
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Remembering Hatshepsut
Transnational Networks of the Late Bronze Age
Aegean Civilization: Minoan Crete, Mycenaean Greece
The States of the Early Iron Age
Past and Present: The Fragility of Global Networks
The Revival of the Assyrian Empire
The Rise of the Persians
The Development of Hebrew Monotheism
Conclusion
3: The Civilization of Greece, 1000–400 B.C.E.
From Chaos to Polis
The Culture of Archaic Greece, 800–500 B.C.E.
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Ideal of Male Beauty
Portraits of Three Poleis
The Challenge of the Persian Wars
Past and Present: Political Satire
The Golden Age of Classical Greece
"The Greatest War in History" and Its Consequences
The Failure of Athenian Democracy
Conclusion
4: The Greek World Expands, 400–150 B.C.E.
The Downfall of the Greek Polis
Reimagining the Polis: The Artistic and Intellectual Response
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Reconstructing an Ideal of Female Beauty
The Rise of Macedonia
The Conquests of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.)
The Hellenstic Kingdoms
From Polis to Cosmopolis
Past and Present: Assimilation and Difference
Hellenistic Worldviews
The Scientific Revolution of Antiquity
Conclusion
5: The Civilization of Ancient Rome
The Time of the Kings
The Triumph of the Early Republic
The Essence of Roman Identity
From Republic to Empire
The Consequences of Imperialism
Past and Present: Spectator Sports
"Restoring the Republic": The Struggle for Power
The Principate and the Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E.–180 C.E.
Making the World Roman
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Roman Urban Planning
Conclusion
6: The Transformation of Rome
The Challenge of Christianity
The Challenge of Imperial Expansion
The Conversion of Christianity
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Power of the Invincible Sun
Past and Present: Resisting Imperialism
Shifting Centers and Moving Frontiers
The Shaping of a New Worldview
Classical Learning and the Christian Life
Conclusion
7: Rome's Three Heirs, 500–950
Justinian's Imperial Ambitions
The Roman Empire of Byzantium
Muhammad and the Teachings of Islam
The Widening Islamic World
Past and Present: The Meanings of Medievalism
The Conversion of Northwestern Europe
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Ship Burial of Sutton Hoo
The Empire of Charlemagne
Disputed Legacies and New Alliances
Conclusion
8: The Expansion of Europe, 950–1100
A Tour of Europe around the Year 1000
An Agricultural Revolution
The Growth of Towns and Trade
Violence, Lordship, and Monarchy
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Graphic History of the Bayeux Tapestry
Religious Reform and Papal Power
Past and Present: Ideas of Crusade
Crusading Causes and Outcomes
The Culture of the Muslim West
Conclusion
9: The Consolidation of Europe, 1100–1250
The Making of Medieval Monarchies
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Picturing Legal Transactions
Continuing the Crusades
Past and Present: Medieval Plots and Modern Movies
Unity and Dissent in the Western Church
An Intellectual Revolution
Courts, Cities, and Cathedrals
Conclusion
10: The Medieval World, 1250–1350
The Mongol Empire and the Reorientation of the West
The Extension of European Commerce and Settlement
Ways of Knowing and Describing the World
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Seals: Signs of Identity and Authority
Papal Power and Popular Piety
Struggles for Sovereignty
Past and Present: Global Pandemics
From the Great Famine to the Black Death
Conclusion
11: Rebirth and Unrest, 1350–1453
Life after the Black Death
The Beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Realizing Devotion
The End of the Eastern Roman Empire
Warfare and Nation-Building in Europe
The Trials of the Roman Church
Past and Present: Replacing "Retired" Popes
Conclusion
12: Innovation and Exploration, 1453–1533
Renaissance Ideals– and Realities
The Renaissance North of the Alps
Past and Present: The Reputation of Richard III
The Politics of Christian Europe
New Targets and Technologies of Conquest
Europeans in a New World
Interpreting Visual Evidence: America as an Object of Desire
Conclusion
13: The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500–1564
Martin Luther's Challenge
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Decoding Printed Propaganda
The Spread of Protestantism
The Domestication of Reform
The Reformation of England
The Rebirth of the Catholic Church
Past and Present: Controlling Consumption
Conclusion
14: Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550–1660
The Emergence of the Atlantic World
Conflict and Competition in Europe and the Atlantic World
The Thirty Years' War and the Rise of France
The Crisis of Monarchy in England
The Problem of Doubt and the Art of Being Human
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Execution of a King
Past and Present: Shakespeare's Popular Appeal
Conclusion
15: European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660–1725
The Appeal and Justification of Absolutism
The Absolutism of Louis XIV
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Performance and Display of Absolute Power at the Court of Louis XIV
Past and Present: The Persistence of Monarchies in a Democratic Age
Alternatives to Absolutism
War and the Balance of Power, 1661–1715
The Remaking of Central and Eastern Europe
Autocracy in Russia
Conclusion
16: The New Science of the Seventeenth Century
The Intellectual Origins of the Scientific Revolution
Past and Present: Has Science Replaced Religion?
The Copernican Revolution
Tycho's Observations and Kepler's Laws
New Heavens, New Earth, and Worldly Politics: Galileo
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Astronomical Observations and the Mapping of the Heavens
Methods for a New Philosophy: Bacon and Descartes
"And All Was Light": Isaac Newton
Conclusion
17: Europe during the Enlightenment
Prosperity, Commerce, and Consumption
The World of the Philosophes
Major Themes of Enlightenment Thought
Empire and Enlightenment
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Europeans Encounter the Peoples of the Pacific in the Eighteenth Century
The Radical Enlightenment
The Enlightenment and Eighteenth-Century Culture
Past and Present: The Internet and the Enlightenment Public Sphere
War and Politics in Enlightenment Europe
Conclusion
18: The French Revolution
The French Revolution: An Overview
The Coming of the Revolution
The Destruction of the Old Regime
A New Stage: Popular Revolution
From the Terror to Bonaparte: The Directory
Napoleon and Imperial France
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representing the People during the French Revolution
The Return to War and Napoleon's Defeat: 1806–1815
Past and Present: The Atlantic Revolutions and Human rights
Conclusion
19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society
The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760-1850
The Industrial Revolution on the Continent
The Social Consequences of Industrialization
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Learning to Live in a Global Economy
Past and Present: Are there Limits to Economic Growth?
The Middle Classes
Conclusion
20: The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of Revolution, 1815–1848
The Search for Order in Europe, 1815–1830
Citizenship and Sovereignty, 1830–1848
The Politics of Slavery after 1815
Taking Sides: New Ideologies in Politics
Past and Present: Revolts Against Reason
Cultural Revolt: Romanticism
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Romantic Painting
Conclusion
21: Revolutions and Nation Building, 1848–1871
The Revolutions of 1848
Past and Present: Germany's Place in Europe
Building the Nation-State
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The New German Nation
Nation and State Building in Russia and the United States
"Eastern Questions": International Relations and the Decline of Ottoman Power
Conclusion
22: Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870–1914
Imperialism
Imperialism in South Asia
Past and Present: The Legacy of Colonialism
Imperialism in China
The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission
The "Scramble for Africa" and the Congo
Imperial Culture
Crises of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Displays of Imperial Culture: The Paris Exposition of 1889
Conclusion
23: Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870–1914
New Technologies and Global Transformations
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women's Movement
Liberalism and its Discontents: National Politics at the Turn of the Century
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Anti-Semitism and the Popular Press in France
Past and Present: The Age of Mass Politics
The Science and Soul of the Modern Age
Conclusion
24: The First World War
The July Crisis
The Marne and Its Consequences
Stalemate, 1915
Interpreting Visual Evidence: War Propaganda
Slaughter in the Trenches: The Great Battles, 1916–17
War of Empires
The Home Front
The Russian Revolutions of 1917
The Road to German Defeat
Past and Present: The Legacy of World War I
Conclusion
25: Turmoil between the Wars
The Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin
The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
Weimar Germany
Hitler and the National Socialists
Past and Present: The Great Depression and Today's Economy
The Great Depression in the Democracies
Interwar Culture: Artists and Intellectuals
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Fascist Spectacle of Mass Participation
Conclusion
26: The Second World War
The Causes of the War: Unsettled Quarrels, Economic Fallout, and Nationalism
The 1930s: Challenges to the Peace, Appeasement, and the "Dishonest Decade"
The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
Not Alone: The Battle of Britain and the Beginnings of a Global War
The Rise and Ruin of Nations: Germany's War in the East and Occupation of Europe
Racial War, Ethnic Cleansing, and the Holocaust
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The Architecture of Mass Murder
Past and Present: European Integration Then and Now
Total War: Home Fronts, the War of Production, Bombing, and the Bomb
The Allied Counterattack and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb
Conclusion
27: The Cold War World: Global Politics, Economic Recovery, and Cultural Change
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
Interpreting Visual Evidence: The End of the Second World War and the Onset of the Cold War
Economic Renaissance
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
Postwar Culture and Thought
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Past and Present: The Divisions of the Cold War
Conclusion
28: Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990
Social Change and Cultural Dynamism, 1945–1968
Social Movements during the 1960s
Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union
Past and Present: Shock Therapy in Post-Soviet Russia
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representing the People in Eastern Europe, 1989
Conclusion
29: A World without Walls: Globalization and the West
Liquid Modernity? The Flow of Money, Ideas, and Peoples
After Empire: Postcolonial Politics in the Global Era
A New Center of Gravity: Israel, Oil, and Political Islam in the Middle East
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Media Representations of Globalization
Violence Beyond Bounds: War and Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
Transformations: Human Rights
Europe and the United States in the Twenty-First Century
The Arab Spring of 2011
Past and Present: The Arab Spring in Historical Perspective
Conclusion
Appendix
Rulers of Principal States
Further Readings
Glossary
Text Credits
Photo Credits
Index