Western Civilizations (Brief Fifth Edition) (Vol. Combined Volume)

Cover
Publisher's Notice
World Maps
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Maps
Primary Sources
Preface
Media Resources for Instructors and Students
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Early Civilizations
Before Civilization
The Building Blocks of Civilization
Urban Development in Mesopotamia
The Culture of Sumer
The First Empires?
The Development of Civilization in Egypt
Egyptian Culture and Society
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Peoples, Gods, and Empires, 1700–500 B.C.E.
Indo-European Languages and Peoples
The New Kingdom of Egypt
Transnational Networks of the Late Bronze Age
Aegean Civilization: Minoan Crete, Mycenaean Greece
The States of the Early Iron Age
The Revival of the Assyrian Empire
The Rise of the Persians
The Development of Hebrew Monotheism
Conclusion
Chapter 3: The Civilization of Greece, 1000–400 B.C.E.
From Chaos to Polis
The Culture of Archaic Greece, 800–500 B.C.E.
Portraits of Three Poleis
The Challenge of the Persian Wars
The Golden Age of Classical Greece
“The Greatest War in History” and Its Consequences
The Failure of Athenian Democracy
Conclusion
Chapter 4: The Greek World Expands, 400–150 B.C.E.
The Downfall of the Greek Polis
Reimagining the Polis: The Artistic and Intellectual Response
The Rise of Macedonia
The Conquests of Alexander, 336–323 B.C.E
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
From Polis to Cosmopolis
Hellenistic Worldviews
The Scientific Revolution of Antiquity
Conclusion
Chapter 5: The Civilization of Ancient Rome
Rome’s Early Influences
The Triumph of the Early Republic
The Essence of Roman Identity
From Republic to Empire
The Consequences of Imperialism
“Restoring the Republic”: The Struggle for Power
The Principate and the Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E.–180 C.E
Making the World Roman
Conclusion
Chapter 6: The Transformation of Rome
The Challenge of Christianity
The Challenge of Imperial Expansion
The Conversion of Christianity
Shifting Centers and Moving Frontiers
The Shaping of a New Worldview
Classical Learning and the Christian Life
Conclusion
Chapter 7: Rome’s Three Heirs, 500–950
Justinian’s Imperial Ambitions
The Roman Empire of Byzantium
Muhammad and the Teachings of Islam
The Widening Islamic World
The Conversion of Northwestern Europe
The Empire of Charlemagne
Disputed Legacies and New Alliances
Conclusion
Chapter 8: The Expansion of Europe, 950–1100
A Tour of Europe around the Year 1000
The Agricultural Revolution of the Medieval Warm Period
The Growth of Towns and Trade
Violence, Lordship, and Monarchy
Religious Reform and Papal Power
Crusading Causes and Outcomes
The Culture of the Muslim West
Conclusion
Chapter 9: The Consolidation of Europe, 1100–1250
The Making of Medieval Monarchies
Continuing the Crusades
Unity and Dissent in the Western Church
An Intellectual Revolution
Courts, Cities, and Cathedrals
Conclusion
Chapter 10: The Medieval World, 1250–1350
The Mongol Empire and the Reorientation of the West
The Extension of European Commerce and Settlement
Ways of Knowing and Describing the World
Papal Power and Popular Piety
Struggles for Sovereignty
From the Great Famine to the Black Death
Conclusion
Chapter 11: Rebirth and Unrest, 1350–1453
Life after the Black Death
The Beginnings of the Renaissance in Italy
The End of the Eastern Roman Empire
Warfare and Nation Building
Challenges to the Roman Church
Conclusion
Chapter 12: Innovation and Exploration, 1453–1533
Renaissance Ideals—and Realities
The Renaissance North of the Alps
The Politics of Christian Europe
New Targets and Technologies of Conquest
Europeans in a New World
Conclusion
Chapter 13: The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500–1564
Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
The Many Forms of Protestantism
The Domestication of Reform
The Reformation in England
The Rebirth of the Roman Catholic Church
Conclusion
Chapter 14: Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550–1660
The Emergence of the Atlantic World
Conflict and Competition in Europe and the Atlantic World
The Thirty Years’ War and Its Outcomes
The Crisis of Kingship in England
An Age of Doubt and the Art of Being Human
Conclusion
Chapter 15: European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660–1725
Population and Climate in the Absolutist Age
Absolutism’s Goals and Opponents
The Absolutism of Louis XIV
Alternatives to Absolutism
War and the Balance of Power, 1661–1715
The Remaking of Central and Eastern Europe
Autocracy in Russia
Conclusion
Chapter 16: The New Science of the Seventeenth Century
The Intellectual Origins of the Scientific Revolution
The Copernican Revolution
Tycho’s Observations and Kepler’s Laws
New Heavens, New Earth, and Worldly Politics: Galileo
Determining the Age of the Earth: The Origins of Geology and the Environmental Sciences
Methods for a New Philosophy: Bacon and Descartes
“And All Was Light”: Isaac Newton
Conclusion
Chapter 17: Europe during the Enlightenment
Population, Commerce, and Consumption
The Foundations of the Enlightenment
The World of the Philosophes
Major Themes of Enlightenment Thought
Empire and Enlightenment
The Radical Enlightenment
The Enlightenment and Eighteenth-Century Culture
War and Politics in Enlightenment Europe
Conclusion
Chapter 18: The French Revolution
The French Revolution: An Overview
The Coming of the Revolution
The Destruction of the Old Regime
A New Stage: Popular Revolution
From the Terror to Bonaparte: The Directory
Napoleon and Imperial France
The Return to War and Napoleon’s Defeat: 1806–1815
Conclusion
Chapter 19: The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society
The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760–1850
The Coming of Railways
The Industrial Revolution on the Continent
The Social Consequences of Industrialization
Industry and the Environment
The Middle Classes
Conclusion
Chapter 20: The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of Revolution, 1815–1848
The Search for Order in Europe, 1815–1830
Citizenship and Sovereignty, 1830–1848
Revolutions, Migration, and Political Refugees
The Politics of Slavery after 1815
Taking Sides: New Ideologies in Politics
Cultural Revolt: Romanticism
Conclusion
Chapter 21: Revolutions and Nation Building, 1848–1871
The Revolutions of 1848
Building the Nation-State
Nation and State Building in Russia and the United States
“Eastern Questions”: International Relations and the Decline of Ottoman Power
Conclusion
Chapter 22: Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870–1914
Imperialism
Imperialism in South Asia
Imperialism in China
The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission
The “Scramble for Africa” and the Congo
Imperial Culture
Crises of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
The Ecological Consequences of European Migrations
Conclusion
Chapter 23: Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870–1914
New Technologies and Global Transformations
Labor Politics, Mass Movements
Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Women’s Movement
Liberalism and Its Discontents: National Politics at the Turn of the Century
The Science and Soul of the Modern Age
The Culture of Modernity
Conclusion
Chapter 24: The First World War
The July Crisis
1914: Mobilization and the Early Offensives
Stalemate, 1915
The Failed Offensives of 1916–1917
War of Empires
The Home Front
The Russian Revolutions of 1917
The Road to German Defeat, 1918
Conclusion
Chapter 25: Turmoil between the Wars
The Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin
Collectivization
The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
Weimar Germany
Hitler and the National Socialists
Nazi Racism
The Interwar Years in Europe’s Major Democracies
Interwar Culture: Artists and Intellectuals
Conclusion
Chapter 26: The Second World War
The Causes of the War: Unsettled Quarrels, Economic Fallout, and Nationalism
The 1930s: Challenges to the Peace and Appeasement
The Beginning of the War in Europe
Not Alone: The Battle of Britain and the Beginnings of a Global War
The Rise and Ruin of Nations: Germany’s War in the East and the Occupation of Europe
Racial War, Ethnic Cleansing, and the Holocaust
Total War: Home Fronts, the War of Production, Bombing, and the Bomb
The Allied Counterattack and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb
Conclusion
Chapter 27: The Cold War World: Global Politics, Economic Recovery, and Cultural Change
The Cold War and a Divided Continent
Economic Renaissance
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War
Postwar Culture and Thought
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Conclusion
Chapter 28: Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960–1990
Social Change and Cultural Dynamism, 1945–1968
Social Movements during the 1960s
Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success
Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union
Conclusion
Chapter 29: A World without Walls? Globalization and the West
Liquid Modernity? The Flow of Money, Ideas, and Peoples
Spotlight on the Environment: Climate Change
After Empire: Postcolonial Politics in the Global Era
A New Center of Gravity: Israel, Oil, and Political Islam in the Middle East
Violence beyond Bounds: War and Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century
Transformations: Human Rights
Europe and the United States in the Twenty-First Century
Conclusion
Appendix
Further Readings
Glossary
Text Credits
Photo Credits
Index