There have been concerns about the integrity of thousands of wells drilled worldwide for different purposes ranging from oil and gas to geological carbon sequestration. This is the first book to integrate different aspects of wellbore integrity into a single volume. It looks at the energy sector's green wave movement by expanding an important topic for practitioners, regulators, and students. It is an area where petroleum and subsurface engineers will increasingly need to be involved in the future to address growing expectations regarding environmental impacts and sustainability. Coverage also includes recent developments in regulations and R&D with indications on emerging areas.
Wellbore Integrity: From Theory to Practice will be a valuable resource for practicing engineers and students working on problems related to subsurface energy, subsurface disposals, and environmental impacts of oil and gas wells. In parallel, it will be a valuable reference for engineers and scientists interested in repurposing existing wells for carbon sequestration or geothermal purposes.
Author(s): Arash Dahi Taleghani, Livio Santos
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 263
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
Two-Barrier Philosophy
Risk Assessment
Prescriptive vs. Performance-Based Regulation
Technical Evolution of Well Integrity
Unconventional Shale Reservoirs
Geothermal Reservoirs
Deepwater Drilling
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Well Integrity Assurance
Well Barriers
Casing
Casing Setting Depth Selection
Casing Grade
Cement
Plug Bump
Density
Compressive Strength
Shale
Packers
Tubing
Blowout Preventer
Wellhead and Christmas Tree
Tree Saver
Safety Valve
Surface Safety Valves
Subsurface Safety Valves
Gas Lift Valve
Pneumatic Devices
Pneumatic Controllers
Pneumatic Pumps
Fluid Migration Pathways
References
Chapter 3: Cement and Leakage of Cement Barriers
Cement Fundamentals
Cement Failure
Chemical Corrosion
Chemical Degradation
Effects of Thermal and Mechanical Stresses on Cement Sheath
Strength Retrogression
Free Water
Cement Bond Failure Modes
Types of Cement
Thixotropic Cement
Foam Cement
Expansive Cement
Latex Cement
Nanoengineered Cement
Cement Additives
Accelerators
Retarders
Density Control
Weighting Materials
Extenders
Viscosity Control
Dispersants
Gelling Agents
Fluid Loss Additives
Lost Circulation Materials—Cements
Other Types of Cement for Curing Lost Circulation
Depleted Reservoirs
Geothermal Reservoirs
References
Chapter 4: Field Operations: Requirements and Impacts
Drilling Impacts
Hydraulic Fracturing Impacts
Production Impact
Gas Lift
Underground Natural Gas Storage
Geological Carbon Sequestration
Geothermal Wells
Hydrogen Storage
H2S Production
Hydrate
References
Chapter 5: Diagnostic Methods: Integrity Tests
Leakage Detection Methods
Testing for SCP
Cement Integrity Testing
Leakage from Cement Plugs
Fiber Optics
Tracer Injection
Atmospheric Measurements
Reservoir Monitoring
Seismic Monitoring
Passive Seismic Monitoring
Satellite Based
References
Chapter 6: Diagnostic Methods: Well Logging Methods
Cement Bond Logs
Evaluation Techniques
Cement Bond Log (CBL)
Description
Cement Mapping Tools (CMTs)
Ultrasonic Cement Evaluation
Background
Description
Recent Developments
Cased-Hole Logging Techniques
Temperature Logging
Nuclear Logging
Noise Logging
Oxygen Activation Log
References
Chapter 7: Integrity Assessment Through Numerical Simulations
Stress Analysis
Mechanical Earth Modeling
Cement Failure
Interfacial Failure
Casing Failure
Incorporating Uncertainties
Finite-Element Methods
Predictability of Various Models
Analytical Solutions
References
Chapter 8: Elastomeric Sealing Assemblies
Elastomers in Oil and Gas Industry
Zonal Isolation
Well Completion—Hydraulic Fracturing and Cementing
Well Integrity
Overview of Elastomer
Types and Composition of Elastomers
Properties and Testing of Elastomers
Physical and Chemical Properties of Elastomers
Temperature
Hardness
Compression Set
Modulus
Gas Permeability
Abrasion
Electrical Properties
Chemical Endurance
Aging
Testing of Elastomers
Hardness
Volumetric Swelling
Compression Set and Relaxation
Failing Mechanisms of Elastomers
Extrusion Damage
Bonding Failure
Nibbling
Air Entrainment/Dieseling
Bunching
Chemical Degradation and Blistering
Case Studies
References
Chapter 9: Remediation Techniques
Squeeze Cementing Jobs
Principles
Slurry Design
Operation
Advances in Cement Design
Squeeze Job Evaluation
Casing Patches
References
Chapter 10: Well Plugging and Abandonment
Introduction
Operation
Challenges for P&A
Well Integrity
Data Availability and Quality
P&A Regulations
Subsea Wells
Geothermal Wells
Plugging Materials
Mechanical Plugs
Nonmechanical Plugs
Methods and Techniques
Casing Cut
Plug Setting
Barrier Verification
Physical Testing
Risk Assessment
Summary
References
Chapter 11: Integrity Assessment Through Experiments
Cement Tests
Compressive Strength
Tensile Strength
Nondestructive Sonic Determination of Compressive Strength of Cement
Flexural Strength
Shear Bond Strength
Cement Ductility
Cement Resiliency
Relative Permeability of Set Cement to Liquid or Gas
Soundness Test of Cement (Expansion and Shrinkage)
Strength Retrogression
Properties of Cement Slurry
Rheological Properties Including Viscosity
Consistency and Thickening Time
Filtration Rate (Fluid-Loss Rate)
Slurry Density
Free Fluid
Static Stability of Cement Slurry: Sedimentation Test
Dynamic Stability of Cement Slurry
Gel Strength
Cement Bond
Cement Corrosion
Casing Wear
Casing Erosion–Corrosion
References
Index
