Cover
Volume I
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Authors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Weeds: History, Definition, Classification, Harmful and Beneficial Effects
1.1 Role of Weeds in Human’s Activities
1.1.1 Brief Historical Perspective: History of Weed Science in the World
1.1.2 History of Weed Science in Asian Tropics and Subtropics
1.1.3 Weed Science and Weed Management in the 2020s
1.2 Definition and Origin of Weeds and Major Weeds in Various Cropping Systems
1.2.1 What is a Weed: Agricultural and Ecological Perspectives
1.2.2 Origin of Crops and Agriculture
1.2.3 Origin and Evolution of Weeds
1.2.4 Major Weeds in the World
1.2.5 Major Weeds in Rice and Rice-based Cropping Systems
1.2.6 Major Weeds in Wheat, Corn, Soybean, Cotton, and Other Upland Crops
1.3 Losses due to Weeds: Harmful Effects of Weeds
1.3.1 Direct and Indirect Losses
1.3.2 Yield Losses due to Weeds in Rice and Other Crops
1.3.3 Increased Weed Control Inputs and Production Costs
1.3.4 Serve as Alternate Hosts to Insects, Plant Pathogens, and Nematodes
1.3.5 Interfere with Navigation, Irrigation, and Hydroelectric Projects
1.3.6 Harmful Effects on Human and Animal Health
1.3.7 Increase Harvesting Costs: Reduce Economic, Esthetic, and Ecological Land Values
1.4 Beneficial Effects of Weeds
1.4.1 Sources of Food, Medicinal, and Nutraceutical Products
1.4.2 Sources of Germplasm and Bioherbicides
1.4.3 Provide Refugia for Beneficial Insects
1.4.4 Prevent Soil Erosion, Improve Soil Properties, and are Sources of Ornamental Plants
1.5 Classification of Weeds
1.5.1 Taxonomic or Botanical (Binomial) Classification
1.5.2 According to Habitat: Aquatic (Lowland) and Terrestrial (Upland)
1.5.3 According to Life Cycle: Annual and Perennial
1.5.4 According to Morphology: Grass, Broadleaf, and Sedge
1.5.5 According to Physiological Classification: C3 and C4 Plants
References
Chapter 2 Weed Biology: Weed Growth, Reproduction, and Nature of Crop–Weed Competition
2.1 Role of Weed Biology in Weed Management
2.2 Weed Growth and Reproduction: Life Cycle of Weeds
2.2.1 The Seed
2.2.2 The Plant
2.3 Nature of Crop–Weed Competition
2.3.1 Competition for Light
2.3.2 Competition for Water
2.3.3 Competition for Nutrients
2.3.4 Physiological Basis of Competition: Efficient (C4) and Nonefficient (C3) Plants
2.3.5 Factors Affecting Weed Competition and Yield Loss
2.3.6 Nature of Competition Between Rice and Weeds
References
Chapter 3 Weed Ecology: Weediness and Adaptation
3.1 Role of Weed Ecology in Weed Management
3.1.1 Ecological Perspective: Paradigm Shift from “Crop–Weed” to “Crop–Weed–Man–Environment”
3.1.2 Major Weeds 40 Years Ago Are Still the Major Weeds Today
3.2 Characteristics of Weediness
3.2.1 Weediness Traits
3.2.2 Plasticity and Adaptation to a Wide Range of Environments
3.2.3 Genetic Attributes Contributing to Weed Selection, Evolution, and Adaptation
3.3 Adaptation and Shifts in Dominant Species
3.3.1 Driving Forces: Crop Production Practices and Interventions
3.3.2 Crop Establishment Method
3.3.3 Herbicides
3.3.4 Rice Mimics
3.3.5 Environmental Factors
3.3.6 Crop Rotation
3.4 Examples of Weediness and Adaptation Traits
3.4.1 Weediness Traits
3.4.2 Adaptation Traits: Adaptation to Flooding and Evolution of Resistance to Herbicides
3.5 Molecular Biology and Weed Genomics
3.5.1 Uses of Weed Genomics
3.5.2 Understanding Adaptation: Elucidating Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance
3.5.3 Determining and Characterizing Genes Controlling Weediness Traits
3.5.4 Weed Taxonomy, Identification, and Evolution
3.5.5 Weed Dispersal and Gene Flow
3.5.6 Other Advances in Weed Genomics: Novel Approaches for Weed Management
References
Chapter 4 Rice and Rice-Based Cropping Systems
4.1 Importance, Uses, and Significance of Rice in Man’s Life and Culture
4.2 Origin and History of Rice Cultivation and Rice-Growing Countries
4.3 Cropping Systems, Production Practices, and Major Weed Problems
4.3.1 Asia
4.3.2 Africa: Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania
4.3.3 Australia
4.3.4 North and South America
4.3.5 Europe: Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary
References
Chapter 5 Mechanical, Cultural, Physical, and Integrated Weed Management
5.1 The Need for Diversified and Integrated Weed Management Strategies
5.2 Direct Mechanical and Cultural Control Methods
5.2.1 Manual, Mechanical, Inter-Row, and Intra-Row Weeding
5.2.2 Automated or Robotic Intra-Row Weeders
5.2.3 Harvest Weed Seed Control (HWSC)
5.3 Direct Physical Methods
5.3.1 Mowing, Cutting/Slashing, Flooding, Draining, and Chaining
5.3.2 Thermal Weed Control: Flaming, Burning, and Solarization
5.3.3 Hot Water or Steam Application
5.3.4 Mulching
5.3.5 Use of Sound (UHF, Electromagnetic Energy, and Microwave Radiation)
5.3.6 Infrared Radiation, Ultraviolet Radiation
5.3.7 Electrical Energy
5.4 Indirect Methods
5.4.1 Preventive Methods
5.4.2 Cultivation, Tillage, and Agroecological Practices
5.4.3 Use of Competitive Cultivars
5.4.4 Water Management: Flood-Tolerant and Drought-Tolerant Cultivars
5.4.5 Timing of Flooding to Suppress Weeds
5.4.6 Timing of Fertilizer Application
5.4.7 Seeding Rate/Plant Spacing
5.4.8 Crop Rotation
5.5 Integrated Weed Management
5.5.1 Brief Historical Perspective
5.5.2 IWM and Best Management Practices
5.5.3 Some Examples of Integrated Weed Management Practices
5.5.4 Eco-Evolutionary Concept of IWM
References
Chapter 6 Chemical Control: Principles of Herbicide Use
6.1 Herbicides: Historical Perspectives and Herbicide Use Worldwide
6.1.1 Historical Perspectives
6.1.2 Herbicide Use Worldwide
6.2 Classification of Herbicides
6.2.1 Mobility and Selectivity
6.2.2 Time and Method of Application
6.2.3 Chemistry, Mode of Action, and Target Site
6.3 Herbicide Behavior in the Plant
6.3.1 Absorption
6.3.2 Translocation
6.3.3 Mode and Mechanism of Action
6.4 Herbicide Efficacy and Selectivity
6.4.1 Differential Absorption, Translocation, Degradation, and Differences at Target Site
6.4.2 Factors Affecting Herbicide Efficacy and Selectivity
6.5 Herbicide Behavior in the Soil
6.5.1 Adsorption, Leaching, and Volatilization
6.5.2 Photodecomposition and Chemical and Biological Degradation
6.5.3 Factors Affecting Efficacy of Soil-Applied Herbicides
6.6 Herbicide Persistence and Residues in the Soil
6.7 Herbicide Formulations
6.7.1 Types of Herbicide Formulations
6.7.2 Labor-Saving Formulations and Application Techniques
6.7.3 Adjuvants and Surfactants
6.8 Safeners
6.9 Herbicide Registration and Toxicity Classification
6.9.1 Trade/Brand Name, Chemical and Common Name, and Manufacturer/Company
6.9.2 Formulation and Active Ingredient and Concentration of Active Ingredient
6.9.3 Chemical Family and Mode of Action of Active Ingredient
6.9.4 Crops Used on and Target Weeds
6.9.5 Directions for Use: Rates and Times of Application
6.9.6 Toxicological Properties and Safety Precautions
6.10 Herbicide Application
6.10.1 Calibration of a Knapsack Sprayer
6.10.2 Important Things to Remember in Herbicide Spraying
6.11 Herbicide Handling, Storage, and Disposal
References
Chapter 7 Herbicides: Classification, Uses, Modes of Action, and Target Sites
7.1 Historical Perspectives on Development of Herbicides and Modes of Action
7.2 Chemical Group, Mode of Action, Target Site, and Use of Herbicides
7.2.1 Auxin Mimics: T1R1/AFB Receptor Proteins (Group 4): 1940s
7.2.2 Uncouplers: Dinitrophenols (Group 24): 1940s
7.2.3 Inhibition of Auxin Transport: Aryl-Carboxylate: Naptalam (Group 19): 1950s
7.2.4 Photosynthesis Inhibitors: Photosystem II Inhibitors (Groups 5 and 6): 1950s
7.2.5 Photosynthesis Inhibitors: Photosystem II – D1 Histidine 215 Binders (Group 6)
7.2.6 Photosystem I Electron Diverters (Group 22): 1950s
7.2.7 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid (VLCFA) Synthesis Inhibitors (Group 15): 1950s
7.2.8 Inhibition of Microtubule Organization: Carbamates (Group 23): 1950s
7.2.9 Inhibition of Dihydropteroate Synthase: Carbamate: Asulam (Group 18): 1960s
7.2.10 Microtubule Assembly Inhibitors (Group 3): 1960s
7.2.11 Chlorophyll Synthesis Inhibitors: Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors (Group 14): 1960s
7.2.12 Aromatic Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitor (Group 9): 1970s
7.2.13 Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase Inhibitors (Group 1): 1970s
7.2.14 Glutamine Synthesis Inhibitors (Glutamine Synthetase) (Group 10): 1980s
7.2.15 Branched Chain Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: Inhibitors of Acetolactate Synthase (Group 2): 1980s
7.2.16 Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors: (Groups 12, 13, 27, 34): 1980s
7.2.17 Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors: Inhibitors of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (Group 27): 1980s
7.2.18 Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor: Lycopene Cyclase Inhibitor (Group 34): 1950s
7.2.19 Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor: Deoxy-D-Xylulose Phosphate (DXP) Synthase Inhibitor (Group 13):1970s
7.2.20 Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors: Cellulose Synthase Inhibitors (Group 29): 1950s/1980s
7.2.21 Inhibitor of Serine–Threonine Protein Phosphatase: Endothall (Group 31): 2012
7.2.22 Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Thioesterase: Benzyl Ether: Cinmethylin and Methiozolin (Group 30): 2018
7.2.23 Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor: Inhibitor of Homogentisate Solanesyltransferase (Group 33): 2018
7.2.24 Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitor: Inhibitor of Solanesyl Diphosphate Synthase (SDS) (Group 32): 2020
7.2.25 Inhibitor of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase: Tetflupyrolimet (Group 28): 2020
7.2.26 Unknown Target Sites or Modes of Action (Group 0)
References
Volume II
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Chapter 8 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Rice: History, Causes, and Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Historical Perspectives: Evolution of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds Worldwide
8.2.1 First “True-Resistance” Evolved in Triazine-Resistant Weeds: 1970s
8.2.2 Resistance to APPs, SUs, Auxin Mimics, and Other Herbicide Groups: 1980s and 1990s
8.2.3 More ALS Inhibitor-Resistant Weeds; Use of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops: 1990s and 2000s
8.2.4 More Herbicide-Resistant Weeds and Introduction of New Herbicides: 2010s to 2020s
8.3 How Weeds Evolve Resistance to Herbicides
8.3.1 Definition and Requirements for Resistance to Evolve
8.3.2 Resistance Mechanisms
8.3.3 Factors Affecting Rate of Evolution and Spread of Resistant Plants
8.4 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Rice
8.4.1 Weed Problems and Herbicide Use Patterns in Rice
8.4.2 Weed Species that Evolved Resistance to Rice Herbicides
8.4.3 Resistance Mechanisms to Rice Herbicides
8.4.4 Multiple Resistance Involving TSR and NTSR
8.5 Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
8.5.1 Recognizing and Detecting or Identifying Resistant Weed Biotypes
8.5.2 Use Alternative Control Methods or Alternative Herbicides
8.5.3 Reduce Selection Pressure
8.5.4 Use of Herbicide Mixtures and Sequential Treatments and Use of Synergists
8.5.5 Prevent Seed Set of Resistant Biotypes
8.5.6 Reducing or Depleting the Weed Seedbank
8.5.7 Use of Herbicide-Resistant Rice
8.5.8 Managing Multiple-Resistant Weeds
8.5.9 Integrated Weed Management, New Concepts, and Approaches
8.6 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Rice in Some Rice-Growing Countries
8.6.1 Asia
8.6.2 Australia
8.6.3 Africa
8.6.4 South America
8.6.5 North America (United States: Arkansas and California)
8.6.6 Europe
References
Chapter 9 Biological Control and Use of Bioherbicides
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Brief History of Biological Control of Weeds
9.3 What Makes an Ideal Target Weed and an Ideal Pathogen as Biocontrol Agent
9.4 Kinds of Biological Control
9.4.1 Classical
9.4.2 Augmentative
9.4.3 Inundative
9.5 Constraints in Development of Bioherbicides
9.5.1 Successes and Constraints in Implementing Biocontrol Approaches/Methods
9.5.2 Formulations: Overcoming Dew Period Requirement for Microbial Bioherbicides
9.5.3 Limited Interest in Commercial Development of Bioherbicides
9.6 Future Directions
9.6.1 Increasing Virulence, Genetic Diversity of Weed Host, and Biocontrol Agent
9.6.2 Genetic Diversity and Modification of Biocontrol Agents
9.6.3 Molecular Biology and Genomics
9.6.4 Allelochemicals and Natural Phytotoxins as Leads for New Sites of Action
References
Chapter 10 Biology and Management of Some Problem Weeds
10.1 Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. and Other Echinochloa Species)
10.1.1 Distribution, Biology, Ecology, and Genetics
10.1.2 Management Strategies
10.2 Weedy Rice (Oryza spp.)
10.2.1 Distribution and Biology
10.2.2 Origin and Evolution of Weedy Rice
10.2.3 Weedy Rice Traits and Characteristics
10.2.4 Competition Between Weedy Rice and Cultivated Rice
10.2.5 Management Strategies
10.3 Sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees and Other Leptochloa spp.
10.3.1 Distribution, Biology, and Ecology
10.3.2 Germination, Biology and Ecology
10.3.3 Competition with Wet-Seeded or Dry-Seeded Rice
10.3.4 Integrated Management Strategies
10.4 Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.)
10.4.1 Distribution
10.4.2 Weed Risk Assessment and Invasiveness
10.4.3 Life Cycle, Biology and Ecology
10.4.4 Genetics and Reproduction
10.4.5 Morphological, Chemical, and Physiological Ecotypes
10.4.6 Competition with Crops
10.4.7 Management Strategies
References
Chapter 11 Rice–Wheat and Other Wheat-Based Cropping Systems
11.1 Wheat: Uses, Origin, and History
11.2 Wheat-growing Areas and Production Systems
11.2.1 Rice–Wheat Cropping Systems
11.2.2 Wheat–Wheat, Wheat–Fallow, and Wheat-Based Cropping Systems
11.3 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Wheat Cropping Systems
11.3.1 Multiple-Resistant Weeds
11.3.2 Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Wheat
References
Chapter 12 Corn-Soybean and Rice-Corn-Soybean Cropping Systems
12.1 Uses of Corn and Soybean
12.2 Origin, History, and Production Areas
12.2.1 Corn
12.2.2 Soybean
12.3 Weed Competition in Corn and Soybean
12.3.1 Losses Due to Weed Competition
12.3.2 Critical Period of Weed Competition
12.4 Major Weeds Infesting Corn and Soybean Cropping Systems
12.4.1 Most Common Weeds
12.4.2 Most Dominant Weeds as Affected by Weed Management Practices
12.4.3 Most Troublesome Weeds in Corn and Soybean Cropping Systems
12.5 Management Strategies in Corn, Soybean, and Rice-Corn-Soybean Cropping Systems
12.5.1 Manual/Mechanical/Cultural Methods
12.5.2 Cultural Practices: Row Spacing
12.5.3 Crop Rotation
12.5.4 Cover Crops
12.5.5 Chemical Control (Conventional and Herbicide-Resistant Corn and Soybean)
12.6 Development of Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Maize/Corn and Soybean
12.6.1 Global Adoption of Herbicide-Resistant Crops (Biotech Crops)
12.6.2 Resistance Traits in GR Corn and GR Soybean
12.7 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Corn and Soybean
12.7.1 Herbicide Use Patterns and Evolution of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Corn and Soybean
12.7.2 Multiple-Resistant Weeds in Corn and Soybean
12.8 Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
12.8.1 Integrated Management: Diversity of Management Practices to Reduce Selection Pressure
12.8.2 Rotate Herbicides with Different Modes/Sites of Action: Know Your Herbicide SOA
12.8.3 Mixtures of Different Active Ingredients with Multiple Sites of Action
12.8.4 New Herbicide-Resistant Stacked Traits
12.8.5 New Paradigms to Reduce Weed Seedbank: Harvest Weed Seed Control
12.9 Summary
References
Chapter 13 Weed Science and Weed Management: Current Issues and Future Perspectives
13.1 Production and Intervention Practices Affecting Weed Dominance Patterns
13.1.1 Rice, Rice-Wheat, Wheat-Fallow, and Wheat-Wheat Cropping Systems
13.1.2 Corn, Soybean, Corn-Soybean, Rice-Corn, and Rice-Soybean Cropping Systems
13.2 Weed Science and Weed Management in the 2020s: Current Issues
13.2.1 Increase Crop Productivity with Less Land, Water, Inputs and Environmental Footprint
13.2.2 Widespread Evolution of Resistance and Increasing Cases of Multiple Resistance to Herbicides
13.2.3 Need to Focus Both on Weed Control Technology and on the Weed Being Controlled
13.3 Weed Science and Weed Management in the 2020s: Future Directions and Perspectives
13.3.1 Weed Genomics
13.3.2 Novel Genomic Approaches to Suppress Weedy Traits or Increase Weed Susceptibility
13.3.3 New Paradigms
13.3.4 Novel/Innovative Nonchemical and Chemical Approaches
13.3.5 Other Nonchemical Alternatives to Improve Weed Management
13.3.6 Teaching, Research, and Extension
References
Author Index
Subject Index
EULA
