Wearable Communication Systems and Antennas: Design, efficiency, and miniaturization techniques

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Albert Sabban
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Theory of wireless wearable communication systems
1.1 Wireless wearable communication systems: frequency range
1.2 Free space propagation
1.3 Electromagnetic transmission, Friis formula
1.4 Wearable communication channel budget
1.5 Noise
1.6 Communication systems channel budget calculation
1.7 Communication system path loss
1.8 Receiver sensitivity
1.9 Definitions and characteristics of receiving channel
1.10 Basic features of radars
1.11 Communication systems transmitters—definitions and features
1.12 Introduction to wearable communication and IOT systems basics
1.13 Internet of things IoT basics
1.14 Satellite communication transceiver
1.14.1 Introduction
1.14.2 Receiving channel development and specifications
1.14.3 Development and fabrication of the receiver
1.14.4 Transmitter development
1.14.5 Transmitter development and manufacturing
1.14.6 RF controller
1.15 Conclusions
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Wearable communication technology for medical and sport applications
2.1 Wearable technology
2.2 Wearable medical systems
2.3 Physiological parameters measured by wearable medical systems
2.4 Wearable body-area networks (WBANs)
2.5 Wearable wireless body-area network (WWBAN)
2.6 Conclusions
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines for wearable communication systems
3.1 Electromagnetic spectrum
3.2 Basic electromagnetic wave definitions
3.3 Electromagnetic waves theory
3.4 Wave propagation through the human body
3.5 Materials
3.6 Transmission lines theory
3.7 Matching techniques
3.7.1 Quarter-wave transformers
3.7.2 Wideband matching multi-section transformers
3.7.3 Single stub matching
3.8 Coaxial transmission line
3.9 Microstrip line
3.9.1 Effective dielectric constant
3.9.2 Characteristic impedance
3.9.3 Higher order transmission modes in a microstrip line
3.9.4 Conductor loss
3.9.5 Dielectric loss
3.10 Waveguides
3.10.1 TE waves
3.10.2 TM waves
3.11 Circular waveguide
3.11.1 TE waves in a circular waveguide
3.11.2 TM waves in a circular waveguide
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Microwave technologies for wearable communication systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 MIC—microwave integrated circuit
4.3 Low noise K band compact receiving channel for a satellite communication ground terminal
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Receiving channel design
4.3.3 Description of the receiving channel
4.3.4 Development of the receiving channel
4.3.5 Measured test results of the receiving channel
4.4 MMICs—monolithic microwave integrated circuits
4.4.1 MMIC technology features
4.4.2 MMIC components
4.4.3 Advantages of GaAs versus silicon
4.4.4 Semiconductor technology
4.4.5 MMIC fabrication process
4.4.6 Generation of microwave signals in microwave and mm wave
4.4.7 MMIC examples and applications
4.5 18–40 GHz front end
4.5.1 18–40 GHz front end requirements
4.5.2 Front end design
4.5.3 High gain, front end module
4.5.4 High gain, front end design
4.6 MEMS technology
4.6.1 MEMS technology advantages
4.6.2 MEMS technology process
4.6.3 MEMS components
4.7 W band MEMS detection array
4.7.1 Detection array concept
4.7.2 The array principle of operation
4.7.3 W band antenna design
4.7.4 Resistor design
4.7.5 Array fabrication and measurement
4.7.6 Mutual coupling effects between pixels
4.8 MEMS bow-tie dipole with a bolometer
4.9 LTCC and HTCC technology
4.9.1 LTCC and HTCC technology process
4.9.2 Design of high pass LTCC filters
4.9.3 Comparison of single-layer and multi-layer microstrip circuits
4.10 Conclusions
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 RF components and module design for wearable communication systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Passive elements
5.2.1 Resistors
5.2.2 Capacitor
5.2.3 Inductor
5.2.4 Couplers
5.2.5 A wideband mm wave coupler
5.3 Power dividers and combiners
5.3.1 Wilkinson power divider
5.3.2 Rat-race coupler
5.3.3 Gysel power divider
5.3.4 Unequal rat-race coupler
5.3.5 Wideband three-way unequal power divider
5.3.6 Wideband six-way unequal power divider
5.3.7 Wideband five-way unequal power divider
5.4 RF amplifiers
5.4.1 Amplifier stability
5.4.2 Stabilizing a transistor amplifier
5.4.3 Class A amplifiers
5.4.4 Class B amplifier
5.4.5 Class C amplifier
5.4.6 Class D amplifier
5.4.7 Class F amplifier
5.4.8 Feedforward amplifiers
5.5 Linearity of RF amplifiers, active devices
5.5.1 Third order model for a single tone
5.5.2 Third order model for two tones
5.5.3 Third order intercept point
5.5.4 IP2 and IP3 measurements
5.6 Wideband phased array direction finding system
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Wideband receiving direction finding system
5.6.3 Receiving channel design
5.6.4 Measured results of the receiving channel
5.7 Conclusions
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 System engineering of body-area networks, BAN communication systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cloud storage and computing services for wearable body-area networks
6.3 Wireless body area networks (WBANs) systems and applications
6.4 Wearable wireless body area network (WWBAN) systems and applications
6.5 Systems engineering methodology for wearable medical systems
6.6 System engineering tools for the development of wearable medical systems
6.6.1 Quality function deployment (QFD) method
6.6.2 Functional analysis system techniques (FAST)
6.6.3 Pugh method to evaluate the best system concept
6.7 ICDM—integrated, customer-driven, conceptual design method
6.8 434 MHz receiving channel for communication and medical systems
6.9 Conclusions
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Wearable antennas for wireless communication systems
7.1 Introduction to antennas
7.2 Antenna definitions
7.3 Dipole antenna
7.4 Monopole antenna for wearable communication systems
7.5 Loop antennas for wireless communication systems
7.5.1 Duality relationship between dipole and loop antennas
7.5.2 Medical applications of printed loop antennas
7.6 Wearable printed antennas
7.6.1 Wearable microstrip antennas
7.6.2 Transmission line model of microstrip antennas
7.6.3 Higher-order transmission modes in microstrip antennas
7.6.4 Effective dielectric constant
7.6.5 Losses in microstrip antennas
7.6.6 Patch radiation pattern
7.7 Two-layer wearable stacked microstrip antennas
7.8 Stacked mono-pulse Ku band patch antenna
7.9 Wearable loop antennas
7.9.1 Small wearable loop antenna
7.9.2 Wearable printed loop antenna
7.9.3 Wired loop antenna
7.9.4 Wearable loop antennas with a ground plane
7.9.5 Radiation pattern of a loop antenna near a metal sheet
7.10 Planar wearable inverted-F antenna (PIFA)
7.10.1 Grounded quarter-wavelength patch antenna
7.10.2 A wearable double layer PIFA antenna
7.11 Conclusions
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Wideband wearable antennas for communication and medical applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Printed wearable dual polarized dipole antennas
8.3 Printed wearable loop antenna
8.4 Compact dual polarized wearable antennas
8.5 Conclusions
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Analysis and measurements of wearable antennas in the vicinity of the human body
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Analysis of wearable antennas
9.3 Design of wearable antennas in the vicinity of the human body
9.4 Wearable antenna arrays
9.5 Small wide band dual polarized wearable printed antennas
9.6 Wearable helix antenna's performance on the human body
9.7 Wearable antenna measurements in the vicinity of the human body
9.8 Phantom configuration
9.9 Measurements of wearable antennas using a phantom
9.10 Measurement results of wearable antennas
9.10.1 Measurements of antenna array 1
9.10.2 Measurements of antenna array 2
9.10.3 Measurements of antenna array 3
9.10.4 Measurements of antenna array 4 in a thinner belt
9.10.5 Measurements of antenna array 5
9.11 Conclusions
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Wearable RFID technology and antennas
10.1 Introduction
10.2 RFID technology
10.3 RFID standards
10.4 Dual polarized 13.5 MHz compact printed antenna
10.5 Varying the antenna feed network
10.6 Wearable loop antennas for RFID applications
10.7 Proposed antenna applications
10.8 Conclusions
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Novel wearable printed antennas for wireless communication and medical systems
11.1 Wideband wearable metamaterial antennas for wireless communication applications
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Printed antennas with split ring resonators
11.1.3 Folded dipole metamaterial antenna with SRR
11.2 Stacked patch antenna loaded with SRR
11.3 Patch antenna loaded with split ring resonators
11.4 Metamaterial antenna characteristics in the vicinity of the human body
11.5 Metamaterial wearable antennas
11.6 Wideband stacked patch with SRR
11.7 Fractal printed antennas
11.7.1 Introduction to fractal printed antennas
11.7.2 Fractal structures
11.7.3 Fractal antennas
11.8 Anti-radar fractals and/or multilevel chaff dispersers
11.9 Definition of a multilevel fractal structure
11.10 Advanced antenna system
11.10.1 Comparison between Euclidean antennas and fractal antennas
11.10.2 Multilevel and space-filling ground planes for miniature and multiband antennas
11.11 Applications of fractal printed antennas
11.11.1 New 2.5 GHz fractal antenna with a space-filling perimeter on the radiator
11.11.2 New stacked patch 2.5 GHz fractal printed antennas
11.11.3 New 8 GHz fractal printed antennas with a space-filling perimeter of the conducting sheet
11.11.4 New stacked patch 7.4 GHz fractal printed antennas
11.12 Conclusion
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Active wearable printed antennas for medical applications
12.1 Tunable printed antennas
12.2 Varactors: theory
12.3 Dually polarized tunable printed antenna
12.4 Wearable tunable antennas
12.5 Varactors: electrical characteristics
12.6 Measurements of wearable tunable antennas
12.7 Folded wearable dual polarized tunable antenna
12.8 Medical applications for wearable tunable antennas
12.9 Active wearable antennas
12.9.1 Basic concept of the active antenna
12.9.2 Active wearable receiving loop antenna
12.9.3 Compact dual polarized receiving active antenna
12.10 Active transmitting antenna
12.10.1 Compact dual polarized active transmitting antenna
12.10.2 Active transmitting loop antenna
12.11 Conclusions
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 New wideband passive and active wearable slot and notch antennas for wireless and medical communication systems
13.1 Slot antennas
13.2 Slot radiation pattern
13.3 Slot antenna impedance
13.4 A wideband wearable printed slot antenna
13.5 A wideband T shape wearable printed slot antenna
13.6 Wideband wearable notch antenna for wireless communication systems
13.7 Wearable tunable slot antennas for wireless communication systems
13.8 A wideband T shape tunable wearable printed slot antenna
13.9 Wearable active slot antennas for wireless communication systems
13.10 Wearable active T shape slot antennas for wireless communication systems
13.11 New fractal compact ultra-wideband, 1 GHz to 6 GHz, notch antenna
13.12 New compact ultra-wideband notch antenna 1.3 GHz to 3.9 GHz
13.13 New compact ultra-wideband notch antenna 5.8 GHz to 18 GHz
13.14 New fractal active compact ultra-wideband, 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz, notch antenna
13.15 New compact ultra-wideband active notch antenna 0.4 GHz to 3 GHz
13.16 Conclusions
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Aperture antennas for wireless communication systems
14.1 The parabolic reflector antenna's configuration
14.2 Reflector directivity
14.3 Cassegrain reflector
14.4 Horn antennas
14.4.1 E plane sectoral horn
14.4.2 H plane sectoral horn
14.4.3 Pyramidal horn antenna
14.5 Antenna arrays for wireless communication systems
14.5.1 Introduction
14.5.2 Array radiation pattern
14.5.3 Broadside array
14.5.4 End-fire array
14.5.5 Printed arrays
14.5.6 Stacked microstrip antenna arrays
14.5.7 Ka band microstrip antenna arrays
14.6 Integrated outdoor unit for mm wave communication systems
14.6.1 Outdoor unit, ODU, description
14.6.2 The low noise unit, LNB
14.6.3 Solid state power amplifier, SSPA, output power requirements
14.6.4 Isolation between receiving, Rx, and transmitting, Tx, channels
14.7 Solid state power amplifier, SSPA
14.7.1 Specifications
14.7.2 SSPA general description
14.7.3 SSPA electrical design
14.7.4 The ODU mechanical package
14.8 Solid state high power amplifiers, SSPAs, for mm wave communication system
14.8.1 Introduction
14.8.2 Power amplifiers: specifications
14.8.3 Description of the 0.5 W, 1.5 W power amplifiers
14.8.4 Gain and power budget for 0.5 W and 1.5 W amplifiers
14.8.5 Description of the 3.2 W power amplifier
14.8.6 Measured test results
14.9 Integrated Ku band automatic tracking system
14.9.1 Automatic tracking system: link budget calculations
14.9.2 Ku band tracking system antennas
14.9.3 Mono-pulse processor
14.9.4 High power amplifier
14.9.5 Tracking system down-/up-converter
14.9.6 Tracking system's interface
14.10 Conclusions
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Compact circular patch wearable metamaterials antennas for healthcare, IOT, and 5G systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Circular metamaterial patch with CSRR
15.3 Active receiving compact circular patch antennas
15.4 Active transmitting wearable circular patch
15.5 Active receiving compact stacked circular patch antenna
15.6 Metamaterial wearable stacked circular patch antennas
15.7 Applications of wearable antennas for healthcare and IoT systems
15.8 Conclusions
References
CH016.pdf
Chapter 16 Green electronic and communication technologies—going green
16.1 Introduction to green electronic technologies
16.2 Electronic and communication green technologies
16.3 Renewable green energy for electronic and RF systems
16.3.1 Solar energy
16.3.2 Renewable green wind energy
16.3.3 Hydroelectric green power
16.3.4 Green computing technologies
16.3.5 Energy harvesting
16.4 Recycling in the electronics and computing industry
16.4.1 Types of recycling materials
16.4.2 Recycling advantages
16.5 Innovations and challenges in green technologies
References
CH017.pdf
Chapter 17 Analysis and design of wearable communication, medical and IOT systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Commercial electromagnetic software
17.2.1 HFSS, high frequency structure simulator
17.2.2 Example of the process design using HFSS software
17.3 Advance design system, ADS
17.4 CST electromagnetic software
17.5 Microwave office, AWR
17.5.1 AWR for MMIC development
17.5.2 AWR for module design
17.6 Evaluation of losses in wearable sensors and antennas
17.7 Computation of radiation loss in wearable antennas feed network
17.8 Conclusions
References
CH018.pdf
Chapter 18 Measurements of wearable systems and antennas
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Representation of wearable systems by N ports model
18.3 Scattering matrix
18.4 S parameter measurements for RF devices
18.5 RF transmission measurements
18.6 Output power and linearity measurements
18.7 Power input protection measurements of RF devices
18.8 Non-harmonic spurious measurements of RF devices
18.9 Switching time measurements of RF devices
18.10 IP2 measurements
18.11 IP3 measurements
18.12 Noise figure measurements
18.13 Antennas’ electrical performance measurements
18.13.1 Radiation pattern measurements
18.13.2 Directivity and antenna effective area
18.13.3 Radiation efficiency (α)
18.13.4 Typical antenna radiation pattern
18.13.5 Gain measurements
18.14 Antenna range setup
18.15 Conclusions
References
CH019.pdf
Chapter 19 Ethics in wearable healthcare and communication systems
19.1 Introduction to ethics theory and practice
19.2 The basics of ethics theory
19.3 Medical ethics
19.4 Ethical problems
19.5 Ethics in organizations and companies
19.6 Ethical dilemmas in science research and development
19.7 Ethical dilemmas for using computers and the internet
19.8 How to prevent and minimize ethical crimes in the digital media
19.9 Conclusions
References