This book presents a practical and comprehensive guide to game-changing and state-of-the-art wearable antennas and RF electronics and their applications. Written by leading experts, the book details how to weave clothing into functional antennas and sensors to serve as unobtrusive devices for medical monitoring, athletic performance tracking, body-area network communications, and a host of other applications. You will learn about the latest advances in materials and electronics along with new and unexplored opportunities in functionalizing fabrics for sensing and wireless connectivity; understand materials selection for diverse wearable applications; gain practical insight into the newest class of embroidered e-textiles; and learn how to engineer flexible and wearable sensors. Wearable Antennas and Electronics covers basic approaches for wearable technology and their applications. You will also get an expert preview of promising future directions and paths for research opportunities. This is a must-have resource for anyone working in the growing industry of wearables and body-area devices, including engineers, researchers, faculty, and graduate students.
Author(s): Asimina Kiourti and John L. Volakis
Series: Artech House Antennas and Propagation Library
Publisher: Artech House
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 292
City: Boston
Wearable Antennas and Electronics
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 History of Wearables
1.2 Applications of Wearables
1.3 The Future of Wearables
1.4 Book Overview
References
Chapter 2 Basic Approaches for Printing and Weaving Wearables
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basics of Embroidery
2.2.1 Operating Principle
2.2.2 Types of Conductive Threads
2.2.3 Substrates Used for Embroidered Prototypes
2.2.4 Nonconductive Threads
2.3 Advanced Aspects of Embroidery
2.3.1 Improving Precision
2.3.2 Grading the Embroidery Density for Foldable Prototypes
2.3.3 Colorful Prototypes
2.4 Polymer Integration
2.4.1 Polymer Substrates
2.4.2 Stretchable Prototypes Embedded in Polymer
2.4.3 Magneto-Actuated Prototypes
2.5 Performance
2.5.1 Radio-Frequency Performance
2.5.2 Mechanical Performance
2.5.3 Launderability
2.6 Example Applications
2.6.1 Textile-Based Antennas
2.6.2 Electromagnetic and Circuit Components
2.6.3 Sensors and Actuators
References
Chapter 3 Wearable Electronics with Flexible, Transferable, and Remateable Components
3.1 Technology Drivers
3.2 Functional Building Blocks
3.2.1 System Architecture and Components
3.2.2 Power and Data Telemetry
3.2.3 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors
3.3 Technology Building Blocks for Heterogeneous Component Integration
3.3.1 Thin Substrates
3.3.2 Circuit Formation: Metallization, Photopatterning, or Additive Deposition
3.3.3 Device and Component Assembly
3.3.4 Encapsulation
3.4 Transferable On-Skin Electronics
3.4.1 Laser or Thermal-Assisted Release
3.4.2 Transfer with an Elastomeric Stamp
3.4.3 Transfer with a Water-Soluble Tape
3.4.4 Direct Flex Transfer onto Skin: Cut, Paste, Peel, and Release
3.4.5 Flex Substrate Embedding into E-Textiles
3.5 Biosignal Interfaces: Electrode and Photonic Interfaces
3.5.1 Ag/AgCl Electrodes
3.5.2 Dry Electrodes
3.5.3 Carbon- or Conducting Polymer-Based Electrodes
3.5.4 Fractal Gold Electrodes
3.5.5 Electrochemical Electrodes
3.6 Remateable Connectors
3.6.1 Pin-Socket Connectors
3.6.2 Flat Connectors
3.6.3 Reworkable Adhesives
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4
Wearable Antennas
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Embroidered Antennas
4.2.1 Design and Construction
4.3 Screen-Printed Antennas
4.3.1 Design and Construction
4.4 Inkjet-Printed Antennas
4.4.1 Design and Construction
4.5 Material Considerations: Fabrics, Inks, and Threads
4.5.1 Fabrics
4.5.2 Conductive Fibers
4.5.3 Conductive Inks
4.6 Applications
References
Chapter 5 Wearable Sensors
5.1 Sensing with Wearables
5.2 Wearable Electronics for Biomarker Extraction
5.3 Wound Monitoring RFID Bandage on Textile Surface
5.4 Textile Based Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
5.5 Wound Assessment Using Data Modulation
5.6 Smart Bandage Integration for Practical Measurements
5.7 Wireless Power Telemetry Link
5.7.1 Near Field Power Transfer Using a Corrugated Crossed-Dipole Antenna
5.7.2 Textile-Based Rectifier
5.8 Measurement Setup Realized to Emulate In Vivo Electrochemical Sensing and Monitoring Scenarios
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Wearable RF Harvesting
6.1 Part 1: Far-Field Integrated Power Transfer and Harvesting for Wearable Applications
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Conductive Thread Embroidery-Based Fabrication of Patch Antenna
6.1.3 Textile-Based Single-Diode Rectifier in Wearable Applications
6.1.4 Design and Optimization of Textile Rectenna Array
6.1.5 RF-Power Availability Tests
6.1.6 Power Harvesting Using Textile Rectenna Arrays
6.2 Part 2: Near-Field Integrated Power Transfer and Harvesting for Wearable Applications
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Anchor-Shaped Antenna: Fundamentals
6.2.3 Textile-Integration of an Anchor-Shaped Antenna and Its Ergonomic Applications
6.2.4 RF-to DC Rectifier Design and Optimization
6.2.5 System Design and Tests Using RF Rectifier and Anchor-Shaped Antenna
6.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Radiofrequency Finger Augmentation Devices for the Tactile Internet
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Communication Models for the Fingertip-Wrist Backscattering Link and Its Variability
7.3 Constrained Design of R-FADs
7.4 R-FAD Manufacturing
7.5 R-FAD Applications to Aid Sensorially Impaired People
7.5.1 Sensing an Item’s Temperature
7.5.2 Discrimination of Materials
7.6 Application to Cognitive Remapping
7.7 Conclusions
7.8 Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Wearable Imaging Techniques
8.1 Wearable Imaging Algorithms
8.1.1 Radar-Based RF and THz Imaging
8.2 Ultrasound Imaging
8.3 Optical Tomography
8.4 Photoacoustics Imaging
References
Chapter 9 Wearable Wireless Power Transfer Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 WPT Methods
9.2.1 Inductive Power Transfer
9.2.2 Resonant Inductive Coupling
9.2.3 Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance
9.3 CSCMR Systems for Wearable Applications
9.3.1 CSCMR System Design
9.3.2 Performance of CSCMR System on the Human Body
9.3.3 Magnetic Field Distributions
9.3.4 Specific Absorption Rate
9.4 CSCMR Systems for Implantable Applications
9.5 Conclusions
References
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Index
