Water Treatment Plant Design (McGraw-Hill Handbooks)

0071418725......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
Contributors......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
1. The Challenge of Water Treatment Plant Design......Page 14
1.1 Today's Challenges......Page 15
1.2 Development of Water Treatment Design Projects......Page 17
1.3 The Purpose of This Text......Page 18
1.4 Bibliography......Page 19
2.1 The Master Plan......Page 20
2.2 Water Quality Goals......Page 23
2.3 Treatment Options......Page 28
3.1 Preliminary Design......Page 35
3.2 Final Design......Page 39
3.3 Construction Assistance......Page 44
3.4 Bibliography......Page 46
4.1 Intake Features......Page 47
4.2 Types of Intake Systems......Page 49
4.3 Intake Design......Page 61
4.4 Intake Design Considerations......Page 67
4.5 Racks and Screens......Page 77
4.6 Bibliography......Page 80
5.1 Uses of Aeration/Air Stripping......Page 82
5.2 Types of Aeration/Air Stripping Equipment......Page 83
5.3 Principles of Air Stripping and Aeration......Page 89
5.4 Design of Aeration/Air Stripping Processes......Page 91
5.5 Pilot Testing......Page 103
5.6 Bibliography......Page 105
6.1 Definitions......Page 107
6.2 The Coagulation Process......Page 108
6.3 Coagulation and Membrane Technology......Page 111
6.4 Design of Chemical Mixing......Page 112
6.5 Flocculation Process Design......Page 120
6.6 Process Monitoring and Control......Page 129
6.7 Bibliography......Page 131
7.1 Conventional Clarification Design......Page 132
7.2 High-Rate Clarification......Page 153
7.3 Solids Contact/Slurry Recirculation Units......Page 159
7.4 Sludge Blanket Clarification......Page 163
7.5 Dissolved Air Flotation......Page 167
7.6 Contact Clarification......Page 171
7.7 Bibliography......Page 174
8. High-Rate Granular Media Filtration......Page 176
8.2 Design Considerations......Page 177
8.3 Filter Design Criteria......Page 211
8.4 Filter Operation and Maintenance......Page 212
8.5 Bibliography......Page 216
9. Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration......Page 219
9.1 Slow Sand Filtration......Page 220
9.2 Diatomaceous Earth Filtration......Page 234
9.3 Bibliography......Page 247
10. Oxidation and Disinfection......Page 249
10.1 Regulatory Framework......Page 250
10.2 Chemical Oxidation Treatment......Page 258
10.3 Chlorination......Page 261
10.4 Chlorine Dioxide Systems......Page 282
10.5 Ozone Disinfection Systems......Page 287
10.6 Bibliography......Page 307
11.1 Water Hardness and Softening Treatment......Page 310
11.2 Pretreatment......Page 314
11.3 Lime Softening Processes......Page 315
11.4 Softening Process Basins......Page 322
11.5 Special Lime Softening Design Considerations......Page 325
11.7 Bibliography......Page 328
12.1 Introduction......Page 330
12.2 The Ion Exchange Process......Page 335
12.3 Cation Exchange Process......Page 338
12.4 Anion Exchange Processes......Page 341
12.5 Demineralization......Page 359
12.6 Basics of Equipment Design......Page 361
12.7 Regeneration Methods......Page 362
12.8 Boundaries Between Suppliers, Consultants, and Users......Page 382
12.10 Bibliography......Page 383
13.1 Types of Membrane Processes......Page 391
13.2 Membrane System Components and Design Considerations......Page 398
13.3 Membrane Unit Design......Page 415
13.4 Other Membrane Process Design Considerations......Page 431
13.5 Bibliography......Page 438
14.1 Characteristics of Activated Carbon......Page 440
14.2 Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Facilities......Page 443
14.3 Design of Granular Activated Carbon Facilities......Page 448
14.4 Regeneration of Granular Activated Carbon......Page 472
14.5 Bibliography......Page 476
15.1 Receiving and Storing Process Chemicals......Page 478
15.2 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems......Page 494
15.3 Designing for Safety and Hazardous Conditions......Page 518
15.4 Recent Trends in Chemical Handling and Use......Page 527
15.5 Bibliography......Page 530
16.1 Hydraulic Design......Page 531
16.2 Head Loss Types and Calculations......Page 535
16.3 Hydraulic Design Hints......Page 541
16.4 Ancillary Hydraulic Design......Page 543
16.5 Bibliography......Page 545
17. Process Residuals......Page 546
17.1 Sludge Types, Quantities, and Characteristics......Page 549
17.2 Process Residual Disposal Methods......Page 554
17.3 Residuals Disposal Regulatory Requirements......Page 557
17.4 Design Considerations and Criteria......Page 561
17.5 Residuals Handling Considerations......Page 603
17.6 Additional Information Sources......Page 612
17.8 Bibliography......Page 613
18.1 The Role of the Architect in Water Treatment Plant Design......Page 616
18.2 Facilities Design......Page 620
18.3 Construction Alternatives and Building Material Selection......Page 629
18.4 Design Standard-Promulgating Organizations and Organizations Offering Design Recommendations......Page 632
19.1 The Design Process......Page 635
19.2 Structural Design Considerations......Page 636
19.3 Design of Basins, Vaults, Large Conduits, and Channels......Page 644
19.4 Buildings and Superstructures......Page 646
19.5 Bibliography......Page 647
20. Process Instrumentation and Controls......Page 648
20.1 Process and Operational Control Strategies......Page 649
20.2 Control System Design......Page 662
20.3 Instrumentation......Page 677
20.4 Bibliography......Page 689
21.2 Codes and Standards......Page 690
21.3 Electrical Distribution Systems......Page 692
21.4 Transformers......Page 693
21.5 Motors and Controllers......Page 694
21.6 Lighting......Page 697
21.7 Lightning Protection......Page 698
21.9 Acceptance Testing......Page 699
21.10 Maintenance......Page 700
22.2 Reliability and Redundancy Concepts......Page 702
22.3 Overall Water Supply System Reliability......Page 704
22.4 Design Concepts......Page 706
22.5 Design Principles and Practices......Page 709
22.6 Operation and Maintenance......Page 715
22.7 References......Page 716
23.1 Water Treatment Plant Site Selection......Page 718
23.2 Arrangement of Water Treatment Plant Facilities......Page 739
23.3 Bibliography......Page 753
24.1 Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Construction......Page 755
24.2 Environmental Issues Associated with Plant Operations......Page 759
24.3 Project Permitting......Page 766
24.4 Integration of Environmental Issues and Regulatory Compliance into Plant Design, Construction, and Operation......Page 770
24.5 Bibliography......Page 772
25.1 Design Considerations for Plant Operations and Maintenance......Page 773
25.2 Preparing a Plant for Start-Up......Page 790
26.1 Introduction......Page 796
26.2 Level of Estimates......Page 797
26.3 Estimating Methodologies......Page 799
26.4 Special Cost Considerations......Page 801
26.5 Finalizing the Cost Estimate......Page 803
26.6 Bibliography......Page 805
27.1 Training and Start-Up Considerations......Page 806
27.2 Design-Phase Training......Page 807
27.3 Construction-Phase Training, Start-Up, and Post-Start-Up......Page 810
28. Pilot Plant Design and Construction......Page 820
28.1 Pilot Plant Studies......Page 821
28.2 Pilot Plant Design......Page 822
28.3 Pilot Plant Construction......Page 840
28.4 Bibliography......Page 844
29. Ultraviolet Disinfection......Page 845
29.1 Principles of UV Disinfection......Page 846
29.2 Applications for UV Disinfection......Page 850
29.3 UV Disinfection Equipment......Page 852
29.4 Water Quality and Treatment Effects on UV Disinfection......Page 859
29.5 UV Disinfection Facility Planning, Design, and Project Implementation......Page 863
29.6 Construction, Testing, Start-Up, and O&M......Page 879
29.7 Potential Regulatory Requirements for UV Disinfection in North America......Page 882
29.8 Validation Testing......Page 887
29.9 Bibliography......Page 889
30. Water Treatment Plant Security......Page 892
30.2 Barriers......Page 893
30.3 Electronic Security Systems......Page 894
30.4 CCTV......Page 896
30.5 Procedures......Page 897
30.6 Bibliography......Page 898
Appendix A. Properties and Characteristics of Water Treatment Chemicals......Page 899
Appendix B. Abbreviations Commonly Used in the Water Industry......Page 930
A......Page 941
C......Page 943
D......Page 948
E......Page 950
F......Page 951
G......Page 953
H......Page 954
I......Page 955
L......Page 956
M......Page 957
N......Page 958
O......Page 959
P......Page 960
R......Page 963
S......Page 965
T......Page 969
U......Page 970
V......Page 971
Z......Page 972