Water Projects and Technologies in Asia: Historical Perspectives

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Dedication
About the IAHR Book Series
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Congratulatory Remarks
1 A Historical Review of the Relationship Between Human Society and Water in Asia – An Engineering Perspective: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief Review of the Historical Relationship Between Human Society and Water
1.2.1 Water and Rivers on the Earth
1.2.2 The Four Ancient Civilizations Around the River Valleys
1.2.3 Rivers and Human Activities Around the Beginning of the Common Era
1.2.4 Rivers and Human Activities Around AD 1000
1.2.5 Industrial Revolution and End of Asian Leads Over European Counterpart
1.2.6 Summary of the Relationship Between Rivers and Human Activities
1.3 Brief Review of the History of Paddy-Field Irrigation Activities in Asia
1.3.1 Some Historical Irrigation Projects in China
1.3.2 The Oldest Irrigation Project in Japan
1.3.3 Some Historical Irrigation Projects and Technology in Korea
1.3.4 Irrigation Works in South Asia
1.3.5 Irrigation Works in Southeast Asia
1.4 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Note
Part I: Historical Water Projects and Traditional Water Technologies in China
2 The Chinese Water Culture: An Analytical Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Summary of Chinese Water Culture Research
2.2.1 The Concept of Water Culture
2.2.2 The Interpretation of Water Culture by Various Scholars
2.3 Analysis of the Connotation of Water Culture
2.3.1 Definition of Water Culture
2.3.2 Levels of Water Culture
2.3.3 Classification of Water Culture
2.4 Division of Water Culture Areas in China
2.5 Functions of Water Culture
2.5.1 Recording History
2.5.2 Improving Cognition
2.5.3 Inheriting and Spreading Cultural Heritages
2.5.4 Regulating and Educating
2.5.5 Uniting People's Hearts
2.5.6 Maintaining Order
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Sustainability of Chinese Civilization and Historical Irrigation Projects
3.1 Topography, Climate Characteristics, and Irrigation Types
3.2 The process of Civilization and Irrigation Development
3.2.1 The Origin of Civilization and Water (about 4000 BC to 200 BC)
3.2.1.1 The Origin of Irrigation and Irrigation Engineering
3.2.1.2 Wells and Irrigation
3.2.2 Irrigation Projects in the Qin and Han Dynasties (3rd Century BC to Mid-3rd Century)
3.2.3 The Period for Continuing Irrigation Progress and Irrigation Machinery Invention (From the 3rd to 13th Century)
3.2.4 The Culmination of Irrigation Development (From the 14th to 19th Century)
3.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
4 Dujiangyan Irrigation System and its Over 2,200 Years of Sustainable Development
4.1 Introduction
4.2 History of Dujiangyan Irrigation System
4.3 Characteristics of Dujiangyan Irrigation System
4.4 Management Experience of Dujiangyan Irrigation System
4.5 Values of Dujiangyan Irrigation System
4.5.1 Its Enormous Benefits have Lasted Till Today
4.5.2 It was Ahead of its Time
4.5.3 It was Unique in Some Positive and Constructive Way
4.5.4 It is an Outstanding Example of Operation and Management Over a Long Time
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
5 Zhuji Shadoof Irrigation System and Heritage Values
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Origin and Historical Evolution
5.3 Features Analysis of the Heritage
5.3.1 Components of Zhuji Shadoof Irrigation System
5.3.2 Management Characteristic
5.3.3 Irrigation Benefits
5.3.4 Cultural Characteristic
5.4 Heritage Value Analysis
5.4.1 Historical Value
5.4.2 Scientific and Technological Value
5.4.3 Cultural Value
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6 Introduction of the Beijing – Hangzhou Grand Canal and Analysis of its Heritage Values
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History
6.2.1 Infancy and Evolvement of the Canal
6.2.2 Route of the Canal
6.2.3 Interaction Between Canals and Rivers
6.3 Geographical Features
6.4 Engineering Achievements and Heritage Values
6.4.1 Engineering Structures on the Watercourse
6.4.2 Projects for Maintaining Water Sources
6.4.3 Subsidiary Facilities
6.4.4 Cultural Facilities
6.5 Functioning in Present Days
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Tuoshan Weir: An Ancient Estuarial River Regulation Project
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Construction Background and History
7.3 Structure and Design of the Tuoshan Weir
7.3.1 Site Selection
7.3.2 Weir Layout
7.3.3 Weir Structure
7.3.4 Impermeable Inner Structure
7.3.5 Weir Height
7.3.6 Weir Stability
7.4 Tuoshan Weir Today
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
Part II: Historical Water Projects and Traditional Water Technologies in Japan
8 Civil Engineering Heritage Award in Japan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Awardees of JSCE Civil Engineering Heritage Award
8.3 Statistical Characteristics of Awarded Projects
8.3.1 Overall Statistical Characteristics
8.3.2 Dutch Engineers' Contributions
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 Sustainable Development of Sayama-Ike Reservoir: The Historical Value in East Asia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History of the Sayama-Ike in East Asia and its Historical Value
9.2.1 The Ancient Times (AD 600–800)
9.2.2 The Middle Ages (AD 800–1200)
9.2.3 The Edo Period (AD 1600–1800)
9.2.4 The Modern Times (1870–Present)
9.2.5 Future Issues
9.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Why all the Tributaries of the Chikugo River Flow Into the Old Main Streambed Even After the Cut-Off Channels were Constructed
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.3 Results and Discussion: Effects of Tributaries on Water Level Fluctuation in the Meandering Waterway
10.3.1 Case Used for Comparison
10.3.2 Comparison of Water Levels in the Old Meandering Waterway in the Presence or Absence of Tributaries
10.3.3 Effects of Presence or Absence of the Old Meandering Waterways on Water Levels in the Tributaries
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Effect of Open Dyke for Flood Disaster Mitigation in Kyoto
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structural Measures in Kameoka Basin, Kyoto
11.3 Method of Inundation Calculation
11.4 Effect of Open Dyke
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Notation
References
12 Flood Control Strategy in Japan During the Edo Period (the Early 17th to mid-19th Century)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Flood Control on the Lowlands of Edo (Tokyo)
12.3.1 Overview of Flood Control Facilities
12.3.2 Results of Numerical Flow Simulation
12.4 Flood Control on the Okayama Alluvial Plains
12.4.1 Overview of Flood Control Facilities
12.4.2 Results of Numerical Flow Simulation
12.5 Flood Control on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan
12.5.1 Overview of Flood Control Facilities
12.5.2 Results of Numerical Flow Simulation
12.6 Discussion
12.6.1 Image of Rivers in the Early Edo Period
12.6.2 Common Strategies for Flood Control in the Edo Period
12.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 Changes in the Historical River Course and Related Flood Risk in the Arakawa River Basin in Japan and the Role of Still-Existing Secondary Embankments in the Recent 2019 Flooding Event
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Material and Methods
13.3 Reproduction of Flooding Risk in the Edo Era Before and After the River Course Change (Arakawa-Seisen: AR)
13.4 Flood Inundation Area in the 2019 Typhoon Hagibis Event
13.5 Change in Flooding Risk in Branches of the Arakawa River and the Role of Secondary Embankments
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
14 Teizan Canal: History and its Effectiveness for Tsunami Energy Reduction
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Teizan Canal
14.3 Numerical Model
14.3.1 Governing Equations and Computational Cases
14.3.2 Cases of Numerical Simulation
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.4.1 Effect on Tsunami Arrival Time
14.4.2 Effect on the Maximum Water Level
14.4.3 Effect on the Maximum Tsunami Flow Velocity
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15 Major Restorations in Main Channels and the Inverted Siphon of Tatsumi Aqueduct
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Social Features
15.1.2 Technical and Historical Features
15.2 Characteristics of Tatsumi Aqueduct Project
15.2.1 Topographical Features of Tatsumi Aqueduct
15.2.2 A Unique Feature in the Tunneling Technique
15.2.3 Restoration From Severe Damage by Earthquake
15.3 Historical Change of a Route of a Pressurized Section of an Inverted Siphon
15.3.1 Outline of Land-Use Change in the Current Kenrokuen Garden Area
15.3.2 First Period (the Year 1632–1634)
15.3.3 Second Period (the Year 1634 to Late 18th Century)
15.3.4 Third Period (Between Late 18th Century and Mid- 19th Century)
15.3.5 Fourth Period (Between Middle 19th Century and Early Meiji Period) and Summary
15.4 The Discharge Rate of the Inverted Siphon and Consideration of Fire Prevention for the Castle
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
Part III: Historical Water Projects and Traditional Water Technologies in Korea
16 Kingdom Age Irrigation for Paddy Farming Under Monsoon in Korea
16.1 Introduction
16.2 History of Irrigation Project During Kingdom Era
16.3 Two Representative Reservoirs During Kingdom Era
16.3.1 Byeokgolje
16.3.2 Hapdeokje
16.4 Conclusions
References
17 Reconstruction of the 1855 Extreme Flood and Historical Flood Mitigation Projects in the Capital of Joseon Dynasty, Korea
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Location
17.3 The Extreme Flood on July 16, 1885
17.4 River Management for Flood Mitigation
17.5 Construction Report and Guidelines for Dredging Works
17.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
18 Technographical Review of Embankments for Dams and Levees in Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), Korea
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Development of Embankment Technology in Korean History
18.3 Historical Records of Embankments in the Joseon Dynasty
18.4 Practice of Riparian Forest Strips in the Joseon Dynasty
18.4.1 Temporal and Regional Distribution of Riparian Forest Strip
18.4.2 Effects of Levee Planting on River Flood-Risk Reduction
18.4.3 Conventional Practice of Levee Planting
18.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Funding
References
19 The Ancient Instrumental Hydrological Measurement Device, Chugugi and Supyo, in Joseon Dynasty, Korea
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Invention of the Rainfall Gauge, Chugugi (測雨器)
19.3 Restoration and Analysis of Ancient Rainfall
19.4 Ancient Water Level Measurement, Supyo (水標)
19.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
Part IV: Historical Water Projects and Traditional Water Technologies in South Asia
20 An Overview of Irrigation Practices in Punjab
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Irrigation Practices in the Pre-Colonial Indian Era in Punjab
20.3 19th-Century Irrigation Under British Colonial
20.3.1 Irrigation System in Punjab in the 19th Century
20.3.2 Irrigation System in Punjab in the Early 20th Century
20.4 Post-Colonial Development
20.5 Irrigation Water Delivery System
20.6 Present and Future Needs of Irrigation System
20.7 Conclusions
References
21 Water Heritage of Ancient Sri Lanka
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Overview of Traditional Water Technologies in Sri Lanka
21.3 Bisokotuwa
21.3.1 Hydraulics of the Bisokotuwa
21.3.2 Path of the Elahara Canal
21.4 Conclusions
Bibliography
22 Physical Modeling of Flow in the Ancient Inlet Sluice Barrel of Nuwara Wewa Reservoir, Sri Lanka
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methodology
22.2.1 Field Measurements
22.2.2 Dimensional Analysis
22.2.3 Laboratory Experiment Setup
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Notation
References
Part V: Historical Water Projects and Traditional Water Technologies in Southeast Asia
23 Water Use of Flood in Cambodia
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Historical Background of Colmatage System
23.3 Study Area and Models for the Evaluation
23.4 Flood Benefits in the Mekong River in Cambodia
23.5 Fertilization by Flood
23.6 Groundwater Resources
23.7 Risk of Waterborne Infectious Diseases
23.8 The Future of the Colmatage
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
24 From Irrigation Perspective to Disaster Risk Reduction Using Nature-Based Solution: The Rangsit Canal, Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand
24.1 Introduction
24.2 History of the Rangsit Canal
24.3 Canal Physical Condition and Water Management
24.4 Rice Productivity
24.5 Nature-Based Solution for People at Bueng Cham or NongSua District
24.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
25 Agriculture Irrigation Development in Kedah, Malaysia: Strengthen the Linkage Between National Food and Water Security
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Rice in Malaysia
25.3 Irrigation Agriculture: Pre-Independence
25.4 Irrigation Agriculture: Post-Independence
25.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
26 Subak Irrigation System: A Heritage of a Sustainable Hydro-Environment
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Method
26.3 Results and Discussion
26.3.1 Irrigation Tunnel
26.3.2 The Traditional Division Structures
26.3.3 The Challenge of Heritage Sustainability
26.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
27 (Special Contribution) Water Culture of the People in Uzbekistan: Ancient Traditions, Structures, and Modern Global Problems
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Water Culture in Ancient Uzbekistan
27.3 Ancient Hydraulic Structures
27.4 Recent Developments in the 20th Century
27.5 After Gaining Independence of Uzbekistan
27.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index