Master the Latest Techniques to Quantify, Locate, Control, and Prevent Water and Revenue Loss in Water Utility Operations
This comprehensive guide takes you step by step through every stage of the development of a water loss control program-from measuring and auditing water loss, tracking losses to their root cause, to developing a loss control program for future efficiency. Inside, you'll find precise descriptions of the most current methodologies and technologies, along with tables and figures presenting key information clearly and concisely. This second edition brings innovative approaches to water loss management, with information on new modeling methods, leak detection equipment, revenue protection programs, and best practices advocated by the American Water Works Association and the International Water Association.
Includes:
- Updated U.S. and international standardized water audit methodologies
- Step-by-step guide to creating an effective water loss control program
- Guidance on data collection, validation, and component analysis of water supply and customer consumption volumes
- Detailed description of available intervention tools against real losses
- Detailed description of available intervention tools against apparent losses
- Innovations in automatic meter reading (AMR) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) that will transform accountability in the water supply industry
- Integrated technologies to optimize water distribution system operations
- Detailed descriptions and case studies of successful water loss control and intervention programs
- Comprehensive glossary of terms
Water Loss Control Manual covers:
Various Types of Water and Revenue Losses • Traditional Control Methods • Progressive Approaches • Standard Water Audit Methodology • Meaningful Performance Indicators • Data Collection • Information Management • Validating the Water Audit Data • Field Equipment • Computer Modeling • •Strategies and Methods to Control Leakage and Optimize Revenue Recovery • Active Leakage Detection and Repair • Pressure Management • Distribution System Rehabilitation • Water Efficiency Programs • Hiring Contractors • Writing Bids • Case Studies • Calculations • Industry Papers
Author(s): Julian Thornton, Reinhard Sturm, George Kunkel
Edition: 2nd ed
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 650
City: New York
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
1.1 Background......Page 19
1.2 The Purpose of This Manual and Its Structure......Page 20
References......Page 21
2.1 How Much Water Are We Losing?......Page 23
2.2 The Need for Water and Basic Facts about the Resource Water......Page 25
2.3 Historic Water Supply and Milestones in Water Loss Control......Page 26
2.4 The Occurrence and Impact of Lost Water......Page 27
2.5 Forces Driving Change in the Way Water Loss Is Viewed and Managed......Page 28
2.6 What is Being Done Around the World to Reduce Lost Water?......Page 29
2.7 Program Needs and Requirements for Water Loss Control......Page 31
References......Page 35
3.1 Defining Water Supplier Losses......Page 37
References......Page 47
4.1 Introduction......Page 49
4.2 Water Loss Management in the United States......Page 50
4.3 International Leakage Management......Page 58
4.4 The Need for Meaningful Regulations......Page 64
4.5 Summary......Page 65
References......Page 67
5.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Water Loss Assessment—How Much Water Are We Loosing and Where?......Page 69
5.3 Determine the Economic Optimum for Your Water Losses......Page 73
5.4 Design the Right Intervention Program......Page 74
5.7 Examples of Water Loss Control Program Costs in North America......Page 76
Reference......Page 77
6.1 The Importance of Source Meter Accuracy to the Integrity of the Water Audit and Loss Control Program......Page 79
6.2 Key Source Meter Sites for Proper Flow Balancing......Page 80
6.3 Types of Source Meters......Page 86
6.4 Source Meter Accuracy and Testing Program Steps......Page 88
6.6 Summary: Source Meter Accuracy......Page 91
References......Page 92
7.1 Introduction......Page 93
7.2 A Rosetta Stone for Water Loss Measurement......Page 95
7.3 The Benefits of the IWA/AWWA Standard Water Audit and Performance Indicators......Page 96
7.4 The IWA/AWWA Recommended Standard Water Audit......Page 97
7.5 Unavoidable Annual Real Losses—Unavoidable Water Losses and Discovered Leaks and Overflows......Page 101
7.6 Which Performance Indicator? What's Wrong with Percentages?......Page 105
7.7 IWA/AWWA Recommended Performance Indicators for Nonrevenue Water and Real Losses......Page 107
7.8 The Use of 95% Confidence Limits and Variance Analysis for Water Audits......Page 110
References......Page 112
8.1 Introduction......Page 113
8.2 Data Collection Worksheet......Page 114
8.4 Summary......Page 118
9.2 Definition......Page 121
9.3 Short-Run ELL......Page 123
9.4 Long Run ELL......Page 126
9.5 Deficiency in Water Supply Reliability......Page 130
9.6 History and Experience......Page 133
9.7 Practical Application......Page 134
9.8 Summary......Page 135
References......Page 136
10.1 Introduction......Page 139
10.2 Top-Down Water Audit Spreadsheet Models......Page 140
10.3 Component Analysis and Modeling of Apparent Loss......Page 146
10.4 Modeling Components of Real Losses Using Breaks and Background Estimates Concepts......Page 151
10.5 Using BABE Modeling Concepts to Prioritize Activities......Page 152
10.6 Modeling Background Losses......Page 156
References......Page 172
11.1 Introduction......Page 173
11.2 How Apparent Losses Occur......Page 174
11.3 Customer Meter Inaccuracy......Page 175
11.4 Data Transfer and Systematic Data-Handling Errors......Page 176
11.5 Unauthorized Consumption......Page 177
11.6 The Impacts of Apparent Losses......Page 178
11.7 The Economic Approach to Apparent Loss Control......Page 179
11.8 Developing a Revenue Protection Program to Control Apparent Losses......Page 183
References......Page 186
12.1 Customer Meter Function and Accuracy......Page 189
12.2 Customer Meter Demographics and Consumption Record......Page 190
12.3 Flow Measurement Capabilities of Customer Water Meters......Page 192
12.4 Customer Meter Sizing......Page 195
12.5 Developing the Customer Meter Accuracy Testing Program......Page 199
References......Page 217
13.1 The Customer Water Consumption Data Transfer Process......Page 219
13.2 Customer Consumption Profiles—Transitioning from Periodic Customer Meter Readings to Granular Consumption Data......Page 233
References......Page 242
14.1 Compiling Billed Consumption in Customer Billing Systems......Page 243
14.2 Using the Customer Billing System to Extract Customer Water Consumption Data......Page 247
14.3 Adjusting for Lag Time in Customer Meter Reading Data......Page 248
14.4 Determining the Volume of Apparent Loss Due to Systematic Data Handling Error in Customer Billing Systems......Page 251
14.5 Billing Policy and Procedure Shortcomings......Page 258
14.6 Quantifying Systematic Data Handling Errors in the Water Audit and Addressing These Losses......Page 263
15.1 Unauthorized Consumption Occurs in Many Ways......Page 265
15.2 Quantifying the Volume of Unauthorized Consumption in the Water Audit......Page 266
15.3 Controlling Unauthorized Consumption......Page 267
References......Page 275
16.1 Introduction......Page 277
16.2 Mapping......Page 279
16.3 Leakage Fundamentals......Page 283
16.4 Leak Detection Equipment......Page 287
16.5 Leak Detection Techniques......Page 293
16.6 Zoning and District Metered Areas......Page 299
16.7 Testing for Reservoir Leakage......Page 310
References......Page 311
17.2 Leak Runtime Reduction......Page 313
Reference......Page 317
18.1 Introduction......Page 319
18.2 Why Undertake Pressure Management Schemes?......Page 320
18.3 Various Types of Pressure Management......Page 325
18.4 Leakage Control—Pressure Leakage Theories......Page 330
18.5 Overflow Control......Page 332
18.7 Flow Measurements......Page 333
18.9 Using Hydraulic Computer Models to Identify Ideal Locations for Installation......Page 334
18.12 Calculating Cost to Benefit Ratios......Page 335
18.13 How Do ACVs Work?......Page 336
18.14 Pressure Reduction......Page 337
18.16 Multiple Valve Sectors......Page 338
18.17 Reservoir and Tank Control......Page 339
18.18 Valve Selection and Sizing......Page 344
18.19 Using Controllers to Make Your Hydraulic Valves More Efficient......Page 350
18.20 SCADA......Page 352
18.21 Valve Installation......Page 353
18.24 Nonhydraulic Pressure Control......Page 359
References......Page 361
19.1 Introduction......Page 363
19.2 Pipeline Corrosion......Page 364
19.3 Pipe Rehabilitation and Replacement......Page 365
19.4 Summary......Page 368
20.1 Introduction......Page 369
20.3 System Demand Components and How They Relate to a WEP......Page 370
20.4 Water Saving Targets......Page 377
20.5 Implementation Plan......Page 380
20.6 Monitoring and Tracking......Page 382
20.7 Lost Revenues......Page 385
20.8 Conclusion......Page 386
21.2 Using In-House Staff or a Contractor......Page 387
21.3 Designing a Bid Document......Page 389
21.4 Summary......Page 396
Reference......Page 397
22.2 Pipe Roughness Coefficients......Page 399
22.3 C-Factor Testing in the Field......Page 400
22.5 Flow Terms......Page 401
22.6 Pressure Terms......Page 405
References......Page 410
A: Case Studies......Page 411
B: Equipment & Techniques......Page 551
C: Demand Profiling for Optimal Meter Sizing......Page 607
B......Page 625
D......Page 626
L......Page 627
P......Page 628
S......Page 629
U......Page 630
W......Page 631
A......Page 633
B......Page 634
C......Page 635
D......Page 637
F......Page 638
H......Page 639
I......Page 640
M......Page 641
N......Page 642
P......Page 643
R......Page 645
S......Page 646
T......Page 647
U......Page 648
W......Page 649
Z......Page 650
