Water for Life: Drinking Water, Health, Food, Energy Nexus

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author Bio
Chapter 1 Introduction and Scope
1.1 Scope and Layout
References
Chapter 2 Earth’s Water Resources
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Distribution of Water On Earth
2.3 Water Availability
2.3.1 Some Indicators of Water Availability
2.4 Residence Time
2.5 Sources of Water
2.5.1 Icecaps and Glaciers
2.5.2 Atmospheric Water
2.5.2.1 Troposphere
2.5.2.2 Stratosphere
2.5.2.3 Mesosphere
2.5.2.4 Thermosphere
2.5.2.5 Extracting Water From Fog – Occult Precipitation
2.5.3 Surface Water
2.5.3.1 Major Freshwater Lakes in the World
2.5.3.2 Major Rivers in the World
2.5.4 Groundwater
2.5.4.1 Methods of Recharging Aquifers
2.5.4.2 Problems Associated With Groundwater Extraction
2.5.5 Soil Moisture
2.5.6 Seawater – Desalination
2.5.6.1 Multiple-Effect Distillation
2.5.6.2 Multi-Stage Flash Distillation
2.5.6.3 Vapour Compression Distillation
2.5.6.4 Solar Distillation
2.5.6.5 Electrodialysis
2.5.6.6 Ion Exchange
2.5.6.7 Solvent Extraction
2.5.6.8 Freeze Separation
2.5.6.9 Reverse Osmosis
2.6 Water Withdrawals
2.7 Virtual Water and Water Trade
2.8 Bottled Water
2.9 Water Stress, Water Scarcity and Water Risk
2.10 World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) and UN-Water
2.10.1 Highlights of the Last Four WWDRs
2.11 Water Footprints
2.12 Water Use
2.13 Trends in Streamflow
References and Websites for Water Information
Chapter 3 Chemistry of Water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Water
3.3 Chemical Composition of a Molecule
3.4 Bonding of Sub-Atomic Particles to Form Molecules
3.5 Geometrical Structure of a Water Molecule
3.6 Physical Properties of Water
3.7 Chemical Properties of Water Molecule
3.8 Unique Properties of Water
Chapter 4 Drinking Water – Global Perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Some Statistics On Access to Drinking Water
4.3 Water Scarcity
4.4 International Initiatives
4.5 Disparity in Preventable Deaths Due to Unsafe Water and Sanitation
4.6 Valuing Water
4.7 Water Crises and GDP
4.8 What Can and Should Be Done?
4.8.1 Rainwater Harvesting
4.8.2 Slow Sand Filtration
4.8.3 Xylem Filters
4.8.4 Solar Evaporation
4.8.5 Bioinspired Hydrogel
4.8.6 Diverting Military Spending to Provide Safe Drinking Water
4.8.7 Research and Development, and Education
References
Chapter 5 Domestic Water – Supply and Demand
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of Domestic Water
5.2.1 Rainwater
5.2.1.1 Prepared Catchments
5.2.1.2 Catchwaters
5.2.1.3 Rooftop Catchments
5.2.2 Surface Water
5.2.2.1 Streams and Lakes By Continuous Draft
5.2.2.2 Rivers and Streams Dammed to Form Impounding Reservoirs
5.2.3 Groundwater
5.2.3.1 Natural Springs
5.2.3.2 Wells
5.2.3.3 Well Construction and Development
5.2.4 Imported Water
5.2.5 Recycled Water
5.2.6 Seawater – Desalination
5.3 Domestic Demand
5.3.1 Human’s Biological Requirements
5.3.2 Human’s Requirements Demanded By the Present-Day Living Habits (Personal Hygiene, Waste Disposal, Washing Clothes, …
5.4 Collection and Storage of Water
5.4.1 Reservoirs
5.4.1.1 Types of Reservoirs
5.4.1.2 Reservoir Site Characteristics
5.4.1.3 Reservoir Physical Characteristics
5.4.1.4 Reservoir Yield
5.4.1.5 Losses From Reservoir Storage
5.4.1.6 Reservoir Sedimentation
5.4.1.7 Sediment Yield
5.4.1.8 Compensation Water
5.4.2 Water Intakes
5.4.2.1 Types of Water Intakes
5.4.2.2 Design of Intakes
References
Chapter 6 Drinking Water – From Source to Tap
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Treatment Processes
6.2.1 Screening
6.2.2 Coagulation
6.2.3 Flocculation
6.2.4 Sedimentation
6.2.4.1 Horizontal Flow Tanks
6.2.4.2 Multi-Layer Tanks
6.2.4.3 Radial Flow Tanks
6.2.4.4 Hopper Bottom Tanks
6.2.4.5 Settling Tanks
6.2.4.6 Ballasted Sedimentation
6.2.5 Filtration
6.2.5.1 Slow Sand Filtration
6.2.5.2 Rapid Gravity Filtration
6.2.5.3 Pressure Filters
6.2.5.4 Microfiltration
6.2.5.5 Ultrafiltration
6.2.5.6 Nanofiltration
6.2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis
6.2.6 Disinfection
6.2.6.1 Disinfection Systems
6.2.6.2 Distillation
6.2.6.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation (With Pre-Filtration)
6.2.6.4 Chlorination
6.2.6.5 Ozonation
6.2.7 Fluoridation
6.2.8 Colour, Taste and Odour
6.2.9 Control of Corrosion and Scale Formation
6.2.10 Removal of Hardness
6.2.11 Aeration
6.3 Sludge Disposal
6.4 Service Reservoirs
6.5 Distribution System
6.5.1 Dead-End System
6.5.2 Grid Iron System
6.5.3 Ring System
6.5.4 Radial System
6.6 Household Water Quality
6.6.1 Contamination at the Source
6.6.2 Contamination During Transport
6.6.3 Contamination During Storage
6.6.4 Treatment
6.6.4.1 Sedimentation
6.6.4.2 Filtration
6.6.4.3 Aeration
6.6.4.4 Disinfection
6.7 Acceptability
References
Chapter 7 Water and Health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Water Contamination
7.2.1 Sediment and Debris Contamination
7.2.2 Microbial Contamination
7.2.2.1 Types of Pathogens
7.2.3 Chemical Contamination
7.2.4 Radiological Contamination
7.3 Acceptability
7.4 Water-Borne Diseases
7.4.1 Amoebiasis
7.4.2 Arsenicosis
7.4.3 Ascariasis
7.4.4 Botulism
7.4.5 Campylobacteriosis
7.4.6 Cholera
7.4.7 Cryptosporidiosis
7.4.8 Cyanobacterial Toxins
7.4.9 Dracunculiasis
7.4.10 Dysentery
7.4.11 Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) Infection
7.4.12 Giardia
7.4.13 Hepatitis A
7.4.14 Hepatitis E
7.4.15 Hookworm Infection
7.4.16 Japanese Encephalitis
7.4.17 Lead Poisoning
7.4.18 Legionnaires’ Disease
7.4.19 Leptospirosis
7.4.20 Lymphatic Filariasis
7.4.21 Methaemoglobinemia
7.4.22 Onchocerciasis
7.4.23 Polio
7.4.24 Ring Worm Or Tinea
7.4.25 Rotavirus Infection
7.4.26 Salmonella
7.4.27 Schistosomiasis
7.4.28 Trachoma
7.4.29 Trichuriasis
7.4.30 Typhoid Fever
References
Chapter 8 Water and Food
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Photosynthesis
8.3 Sources of Food for Human Consumption
8.3.1 Cereals
8.3.1.1 Rice
8.3.1.2 Corn
8.3.1.3 Wheat
8.3.2 Potatoes
8.3.3 Other Staple Foods
8.3.3.1 Vegetables
8.4 Agricultural Demand for Food Production
8.5 Sources of Water for Agriculture
8.5.1 Rainfall
8.5.2 Irrigation
8.6 Water Productivity
8.7 Arable Land Availability for Food Production
8.8 Crop Water Evapo-Transpiration
8.8.1 Transpiration
8.8.2 Evapo-Transpiration (ET)
8.8.3 Reference Evapo-Transpiration (ET0)
8.8.4 Crop Water Requirements
8.9 Water for Livestock
8.10 Water for Fisheries
8.11 Water for Food Processing
8.12 Reuse of Agricultural Water
8.13 Food Security
References
Chapter 9 Water and Irrigation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of Irrigation
9.2.1 Ponded Irrigation
9.2.2 Basin Irrigation
9.2.3 Border Irrigation
9.2.4 Furrow Irrigation
9.2.5 Overhead Irrigation
9.2.6 Sub-Surface Irrigation
9.2.7 Drip Irrigation
9.2.8 Lift Irrigation
9.2.9 Micro-Irrigation
9.3 Irrigation Requirements
9.4 Ranking of Irrigated Land in the World
9.5 Major Irrigation Projects in the World
9.5.1 China
9.5.2 India
9.5.3 The United States
9.5.4 Pakistan
9.5.5 Iran
9.5.6 Indonesia
References
Chapter 10 Water and Soil
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Soil Properties
10.2.1 Structure of the Soil
10.2.2 Soil Texture
10.3 Soil Fertility
10.3.1 Fertilizers
10.3.2 Plant Nutrients
10.3.3 Water in Plants
10.4 Soil Erosion
10.5 Slope Failure
10.5.1 Causes and Effects
10.5.2 Prevention
10.5.3 Early Warning
10.5.4 Case Studies
10.6 Physical Properties of Soil
10.6.1 Uniformity Coefficient
10.6.2 Grain Size Distribution
10.6.3 Porosity, N
10.6.4 Void Ratio
10.6.5 Bulk Density
10.6.6 Pore Volume
10.7 Hydraulic Properties of Soil
10.7.1 Specific Retention, S_r
10.7.2 Specific Yield, S_y (Or, Effective Porosity)
10.7.3 Field Capacity
10.7.4 Permanent Wilting Point
10.8 The Soil Water System
10.8.1 Soil Moisture Content
10.8.2 Soil Water Potential
10.9 Soil Hydraulic Characteristics
10.9.1 Soil Suction – Soil Moisture Content Characteristic
10.9.1.1 Brutsaert Equation
10.9.1.2 Brooks and Corey Equation
10.9.1.3 Vauclin Equation
10.9.1.4 Van Genuchten Equation
10.9.1.5 Other Equations
10.9.2 Soil Hydraulic Conductivity – Soil Moisture Content Characteristic
10.9.3 Soil Diffusivity – Soil Moisture Content Characteristic
10.10 Constitutive Equations
10.10.1 Horizontal Infiltration
10.10.2 Vertical Infiltration
10.10.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions
10.10.3.1 Ponded Condition
10.10.3.2 Rain Condition – Low Rainfall Intensities
10.10.3.3 Rain Condition – High Rain Intensities
10.11 Solutions of the Equations
10.11.1 Ponded Condition – Linearized Solution
10.11.2 Ponded Condition – Non-Linear Solution
10.11.3 Low Rain Condition
10.11.4 High Rain Condition
References
Chapter 11 Water and Energy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Water for Energy
11.2.1 Hydro-Electricity
11.2.1.1 Components of a Hydro-Electricity Generating Project
11.2.1.2 Major Hydro-Electric Projects in the World
11.2.2 Pumped Storage Hydropower
11.2.3 Tidal Energy
11.2.4 Wave Energy
11.2.5 Blue (Saline) Energy
11.2.6 Shale Energy – Hydraulic Fracturing
11.3 Energy for Water
11.3.1 Energy for Agriculture
11.3.2 Energy for Domestic Water
11.3.3 Energy for Water Transfer
11.3.3.1 South–North Water Transfer Project
11.3.3.2 California State Water Project (SWP)
11.3.3.3 Other Major Water Transfer Projects
11.3.4 Energy for Bottled Water
11.3.5 Energy for Wastewater
References
Chapter 12 Water for Transport
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water Transport in Plants
12.3 Inland Water Transport
12.3.1 Grand Canal
12.4 Ocean Transport
12.4.1 Suez Canal
12.4.2 Panama Canal
Reference
Chapter 13 Water for Industry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Types of Industries
13.2.1 Manufacturing Processes
13.2.2 Electricity Generation Industry
13.2.3 Iron and Steel Industry
13.2.4 Textile Industry
13.2.5 Pulp and Paper Manufacturing
13.2.6 Beverage Industry
13.2.7 Automotive Industry
References
Chapter 14 Water and Recreation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Water Recreation
14.3 Water-Related Tourism
14.3.1 Types of Water-Related Tourism
14.3.1.1 Ocean Tourism
14.3.1.2 Canal Tourism
14.3.1.3 Beach Tourism
14.3.1.4 River Tourism
14.3.1.5 Water Park Tourism
14.3.1.6 Ski Tourism
14.3.1.7 Hot Spring Tourism
14.4 Quality Requirements for Water Recreation
14.5 Health Hazards of Water Recreation
14.6 Guidelines for Avoiding Health Hazards
Reference
Chapter 15 Water and Disasters
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of Water-Related Disasters
15.2.1 Floods
15.2.2 Droughts
15.2.3 Storms
15.2.3.1 Monsoons
15.2.3.2 Cyclones
15.2.4 Landslides
15.2.5 Avalanches
15.2.6 Tsunami
15.2.6.1 Tsunami Generated By Seismicity
15.2.6.2 Tsunami in Tonga (2022)
15.2.6.3 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan (2011)
15.2.6.4 Indian Ocean – Sumatra and Andaman Earthquake and Tsunami (2004)
15.2.6.5 Indonesia – Krakatau (1883)
15.2.6.6 Europe – Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami (1755)
15.2.6.7 Deadliest Tsunamis Since 1900
15.2.7 Water-Related Biological Disasters
15.3 Mitigative Measures
15.3.1 Structural
15.3.2 Non-Structural
15.4 International Initiatives
15.4.1 International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
15.4.2 Yokohama Strategy and Related Plan of Action
15.4.3 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)
15.4.4 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
15.4.5 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005–2015
15.4.6 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030
15.4.7 International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction
15.4.8 UNESCO’s Contribution
15.4.9 International Flood Initiative (IFI)
References
Chapter 16 Water-Related Conflicts
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Causes of Water-Related Conflicts
16.3 Types of Conflicts
16.4 Strategies to Reduce Water-Related Conflicts
16.4.1 Natural Resources, Science and Engineering Approaches
16.4.2 Political and Legal Tools
16.4.3 Economic and Financial Tools
16.4.4 Policy and Governance Strategies
16.5 Major Water Conflicts in the World
16.5.1 Nile River Basin
16.5.2 Mekong River Basin
16.5.3 Indus River Basin
16.5.4 Jordan River Basin
16.5.5 Brahmaputra River Basin
16.5.6 Chronology of Water Conflicts
References
Appendix Names in Use for Water in Some Languages
Author Index
Subject Index