Water Encyclopedia - Ground Water

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: Water Encyclopedia - Ground Water......Page 4
ISBN 047173683X......Page 5
CONTENTS (with page links)......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 9
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
OVERBURDEN ANALYSES, HANDLING, AND PLACEMENT......Page 13
Dry Barriers......Page 14
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF AMD......Page 15
Costs of Treating AMD......Page 16
Anoxic Limestone Drains......Page 17
Open Limestone Channels......Page 18
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 19
AQUIFER SIZE......Page 21
AQUIFERS, AQUITARDS, AND AQUICLUDES......Page 22
INTRODUCTION......Page 23
MATHEMATICAL MODELING......Page 24
Initial Conditions......Page 25
Boundary Conditions......Page 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 28
CHEMICAL CHARACTER......Page 29
Arsenic Immobilization......Page 30
Arsenite Oxidation......Page 31
Activated Alumina......Page 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 33
Well Biofouling......Page 34
Ion Exchange......Page 35
Design of an RO System......Page 37
Maintenance of an RO System......Page 38
BIOFOULING TREATMENT......Page 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 40
ARTESIAN WATER......Page 41
Why Model Contaminant Transport?......Page 42
Microbiology......Page 43
Types......Page 45
Handling......Page 46
BIOFOULING EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND WATER QUALITY......Page 47
BIOFOULING EFFECTS ON WELL WATER SYSTEMS AND WATER QUALITY......Page 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 49
RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 50
INSITUBIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES......Page 51
Bioventing......Page 52
Permeable Reactive Barriers......Page 53
PROCESS LIMITATIONS OF INSITU BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER......Page 54
BACTERIAL TRANSPORT......Page 55
NATURAL ATTENUATION: GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION BY NO ACTION......Page 56
NATURAL ATTENUATION: THE EFFECT OF PUMP AND TREAT REMEDIATION......Page 57
NATURAL ATTENUATION: TRANSVERSE DISPERSION AS THE NATURAL DRIVING FORCE......Page 58
NATURAL ATTENUATION: METHANOGENIC SYSTEMS......Page 59
PROBLEM......Page 60
INTRODUCTION......Page 63
EVAPORITE MINERALOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF FACIES......Page 64
BRINE RESOURCES......Page 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 67
WHAT MAKES AN AQUIFER SENSITIVE TO CONTAMINATION?......Page 68
LIMITATIONS OF THE SENSITIVITY CONCEPT......Page 69
WATER CONTAMINATION BY LOW LEVEL ORGANIC WASTE COMPOUNDS IN THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM......Page 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 74
DARCY’S LAW......Page 75
INTRODUCTION......Page 76
PRODUCTION AND DECAY BEHAVIOR OF ATMOSPHERIC TRITIUM......Page 77
PRINCIPLES OF THE 3H-3HE DATING METHOD......Page 78
CASE STUDY: COMPARISON OF THE 3H-3HE METHOD TO THE CFC AND 85Kr DATING METHODS......Page 80
ANTHROPOGENIC TRITIUM......Page 81
METHODOLOGY......Page 82
DATING YOUNG GROUNDWATER USING TRITIUM/HELIUM RATIOS......Page 83
Historical Background......Page 84
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 85
Environmental Tracers—Recharge Rates......Page 86
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 87
ASSESSMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYTOCONTAINMENT......Page 88
AVERAGED TRANSPORT THROUGH THE VADOSE ZONE Joliet Army Ammunition Plant......Page 89
Evapotranspiration Estimates......Page 90
Plume Diving: East Patchogue, New York......Page 92
FEASIBILITY INVESTIGATION FOR PHYTOHYDRAULIC CONTAINMENT AND TREATMENT......Page 93
Site Assessment and Apparent Plume Diving......Page 94
Numerical Modeling......Page 95
FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN IMPLICATIONS......Page 97
READING LIST......Page 98
INTRODUCTION......Page 99
Horizontal Collector Wells......Page 100
Riverbed/Seabed Filtration Intake Systems......Page 101
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DNAPLs AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION......Page 103
WATER DOWSING (WITCHING)......Page 104
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 106
Steady State......Page 107
Falling Water Table Between Two Bilevel Drains.......Page 108
Equivalence Between Steady-state and Nonsteady State Criteria.......Page 109
Biodrainage......Page 110
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 111
Pressure Transducer......Page 113
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS......Page 114
DRAWDOWN IN UNCONFINED AND CONFINED AQUIFERS......Page 115
READING LIST......Page 116
WIRE LINE CORING......Page 117
WELL INSTALLATION......Page 118
GROUNDWATER DYE TRACING IN KARST......Page 119
Fluorescent Dyes......Page 120
ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES......Page 121
DYE TRACING AT WASTE DISPOSAL SITES......Page 122
RESPONSES IN WATER WELLS......Page 123
RESPONSES IN STREAMS, SPRINGS, SEEPS, AND LAKES......Page 124
HAZARDS RELATED TO HYDROGEOLOGIC RESPONSES......Page 125
RECORDING ACCURATE HYDROGEOLOGIC RESPONSES......Page 126
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 127
Biochemical Processes......Page 128
CoMetabolic Processes With Glucose and Sugar.......Page 129
IN SITU FIELD FEASIBILITY CHARACTERIZATION......Page 130
Electrokinetic Field Surveys......Page 131
Electrokinetic System Components......Page 132
Electrokinetic Enhanced Soil Bioventing......Page 133
Electrolysis of MtBE and Benzene......Page 134
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 135
HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT Plant Available Water......Page 136
Matric Potential: The 1/10 and 1/3 Bar Criteria......Page 137
Other Applications......Page 138
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 139
PERMEABILITY......Page 140
STORATIVITY IN CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS......Page 141
INTRODUCTION......Page 142
Nonpoint Sources......Page 144
CONTROLLING FACTORS AND MECHANISM Controlling Factors......Page 145
REMEDIAL MEASURES......Page 146
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 147
Classificatio of Joints......Page 148
Recognition of Faults in the Field......Page 149
INTRODUCTION......Page 150
FINAL REMARKS: MODEL VALIDATION AND USEFULNESS......Page 151
USGS CODES......Page 152
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 153
CAPABILITIES AND METHODS......Page 154
COMPUTER MODELS......Page 155
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 156
GEOPHYSICS AND REMOTE SENSING......Page 157
SURFACE METHODS......Page 158
GROUNDWATER GEOPHYSICS—BOREHOLE METHODS......Page 163
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY DESIGN......Page 167
GEOTHERMAL WATER......Page 168
THE ORIGINAL PAPERS......Page 170
CONDITIONS......Page 171
GENERALIZATIONS......Page 172
CONCLUSION......Page 173
INTRODUCTION......Page 174
ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER BALANCE COMPONENTS......Page 176
Nuclear Methods.......Page 177
Recharge from Field Irrigation ( Ri)......Page 178
Inflow from and Outflow to Other Basins ( Ig and Og)......Page 179
ESTABLISHMENT OF RECHARGE COEFFICIENT......Page 180
HYDRAULIC HEAD......Page 181
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION......Page 182
DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS (I.E., FLUID ENERGY) IN A 3-D AQUIFER......Page 183
DEFINITIONS......Page 184
EFFECT ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTION KINETICS......Page 185
FLOW IN HETEROGENETIC SEDIMENTS......Page 187
FLOW IN FRACTURED ROCK SYSTEMS......Page 188
HORIZONTAL WELLS......Page 189
HORIZONTAL WELLS IN GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION......Page 190
CAPILLARY AND OSMOTIC FORCES......Page 192
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION......Page 193
WELL HYDRAULICS AND AQUIFER TESTS......Page 194
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 195
Biochemical Parameters......Page 196
Single Dimensional Pump Test Analysis.......Page 197
Biochemical Parameters......Page 198
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 199
INTRODUCTION......Page 200
Purifcation......Page 201
Origin......Page 202
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 203
INTRODUCTION......Page 204
STUDY AREA......Page 205
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY......Page 206
General Characteristics......Page 207
Bacteriological Parameters......Page 212
Classificatio of Ground Water......Page 215
INTRODUCTION......Page 216
STUDY AREA......Page 217
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 218
Relative Proportion of Sodium to Other Cations......Page 219
U.S. Salinity Laboratory Classificatio......Page 220
INFILTRATION AND SOIL WATER PROCESSES......Page 222
INFILTRATION/CAPACITY/RATES......Page 224
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 225
PONDED RING INFILTROMETER......Page 226
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 227
INTRODUCTION......Page 228
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN CONTAMINANT HYDROGEOLOGY Introduction......Page 229
Uses of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrogeology......Page 230
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN SOLVING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS......Page 233
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 236
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN HYDROGEOLOGY......Page 239
FUNDAMENTALS OF ISOTOPES IN HYDROGEOLOGY......Page 240
THE ISOTOPES: 2H, 18O, 3H, 13C AND 14C......Page 241
SUMMARY OF APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES......Page 244
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 245
WATER-JETTING DRILLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR WELL INSTALLATION AND INSITU REMEDIATION OF HYDROCARBONS, SOLVENTS, AND METALS......Page 246
KARST HYDROLOGY......Page 247
THE EPIKARSTIC ZONE......Page 248
GROUNDWATER TRANSPORT IN KARST SYSTEMS......Page 249
GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE FROM KARST SYSTEMS......Page 250
SPRING HYDROGRAPHS AND CHEMOGRAPHS......Page 251
GROUNDWATER TRACING THROUGH KARST SYSTEMS......Page 252
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 253
BEDROCK DISSOLUTION......Page 255
SURFACE FEATURES IN KARST......Page 256
SUBSURFACE FEATURES......Page 257
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 259
PRINCIPLES, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE 85Kr DATING METHOD......Page 260
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 261
URBAN LAND USE......Page 262
AGRICULTURAL AREAS......Page 263
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 264
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS IN THE USA......Page 265
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS REGARDING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM LANDFILLS......Page 266
LEACHATE RELEASES......Page 267
POLLUTION PREVENTION......Page 268
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 269
INTRODUCTION......Page 270
METAL-ORGANIC INTERACTION IN LANDFILL-POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS......Page 271
LEACHING......Page 272
Sorption......Page 273
Degradation......Page 274
ANALYSES RELEVANT TO PM......Page 275
ADDITIONAL PM INSPECTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS......Page 276
READING LIST......Page 277
MEGAWATERSHEDS......Page 278
Somalia Case Study.......Page 279
Small Island Developing States—Trinidad and Tobago Case Studies.......Page 281
BIBLIOGRAPHY AFRICA......Page 282
Singapore......Page 283
NORTH AMERICA......Page 284
ADVECTION AND HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION......Page 285
REACTIVE SOLUTES......Page 286
TERMINOLOGY......Page 287
SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 288
HEAVY METAL MOBILITY......Page 289
MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES......Page 290
SUMMARY......Page 291
SOURCE, MOBILITY, AND REMEDIATION OF METALS......Page 292
ACTIVE IMMOBILIZATION Precipitation......Page 294
Introduction to Metal Chemistry......Page 295
GENETICS OF METAL TOLERANCE AND ACCUMULATION IN HIGHER PLANTS......Page 296
METAL HYPERACCUMULATION IN PLANTS......Page 297
MECHANISM OF METAL UPTAKE BY PLANTS......Page 298
SEQUESTRATION OF METALS IN VACUOLES......Page 299
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 300
OVERVIEW OF METAL TREATMENT......Page 302
Delivery System......Page 303
BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF INSITUMETAL REMEDIATION......Page 304
METHANE IN GROUNDWATER......Page 305
WHY DEVELOP AN UNSUSTAINABLE AND EXPENSIVE WATER SUPPLY?......Page 306
INTRODUCTION......Page 307
PROPERTIES OF HYDROCHEMICAL MODELS......Page 308
PARAMETERIZATION OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL MODEL......Page 309
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 310
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION: DEFINITION, SOURCES, SIGNIFICANCE, GLOBAL IMPACT, AND JUSTIFICATION FOR MODELING......Page 311
COMPONENTS OF A NPS POLLUTANT MODEL......Page 312
Data......Page 313
Model......Page 314
CONSIDERATION OF SCALE WHEN MODELING NPS POLLUTANTS......Page 315
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 316
INTRODUCTION......Page 317
SCALES OF OBSERVATION......Page 318
SUBSURFACE HETEROGENEITY CHARACTERIZATION......Page 320
GOVERNING MODEL EQUATIONS......Page 321
Finite-Difference Method......Page 322
Spectral Expansion Method......Page 323
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 324
OVERVIEW......Page 325
Transect Monitoring......Page 326
MONITORING SITE INVENTORY......Page 327
AMBIENT NETWORK SIZE......Page 328
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 329
FATE AND TRANSPORT......Page 330
LIMITING GEOCHEMICAL FACTORS IN REMEDIATION USING MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION AND ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION......Page 331
TEMPERATURE......Page 332
CONCENTRATION RANGES FOR SELECTED TOXIC SUBSTANCES......Page 333
NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER......Page 334
Sources of Nitrate Pollution in Water......Page 335
in Water......Page 336
BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION......Page 337
The Reverse Osmosis Process......Page 338
Ef ciency of RO Systems......Page 339
Wetland Treatment......Page 340
InSituElectrokinetic Treatment......Page 341
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 342
INTRODUCTION......Page 343
SURFACE WATER PROBLEMS......Page 344
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES......Page 345
Pesticide Control......Page 346
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 347
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER......Page 349
OVERDRAFT......Page 352
Tucson and Phoenix, Arizona......Page 353
Chicago, Illinois......Page 354
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 355
Relative Oxidation Power ( C12 = 1.0)......Page 356
CHEMICAL OXIDATION WITH FENTON’S REAGENT......Page 357
PERMANGANATE......Page 358
Actual Application Costs......Page 359
Permanganate Salts......Page 360
COLLOID TRANSPORT MECHANISM......Page 361
PARTICULATE TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER—BACTERIA......Page 362
Biological Processes......Page 363
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES......Page 364
Flood Basalts.......Page 365
Tension-Saturated Zone.......Page 366
PERMEABILITY......Page 367
Permeability Investigation for a Reservoir Site......Page 368
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT......Page 369
UNCERTAINTY......Page 370
EPILOGUE......Page 371
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 372
CHARACTERIZATION AND HYDRATION CHEMISTRY OF PORTLAND CEMENT......Page 374
USE OF SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTS......Page 375
DISSOLUTION AND LEACHING OF HYDRATION PRODUCTS OF CEMENTS......Page 376
PHYTOEXTRACTION AND PHYTOSTABILIZATION: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS OF THE SOIL-LEAD ISSUE......Page 377
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS Vegetation......Page 378
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 379
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 380
INTRODUCTION......Page 381
PHYTOEXTRACTION OF ZINC AND CADMIUM......Page 382
MOLECULAR BASIS OF ZINC AND CADMIUM HYPERACCUMULATION......Page 383
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 384
PHYTOREMEDIATION ENHANCEMENT OF NATURAL ATTENUATION PROCESSES......Page 386
INTRODUCTION......Page 388
Chelation......Page 389
Transpiration Effects on Contaminant Movement......Page 390
Nutrient Requirements......Page 391
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 392
CHEMISTRY OF LEAD-CONTAMINATED SOIL......Page 393
Phytoextraction......Page 394
THE ROLE OF SYNTHETIC CHELATES IN PHYTOREMEDIATION OF LEAD......Page 395
SUMMARY OF PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 397
Anaerobic Microbial Transformation......Page 398
Aerobic Cometabolism......Page 400
UPTAKE OF METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER BY HYBRID POPULUS IN HYDROPONIC SOLUTION Experimental Setup......Page 401
Results from Hydroponic Solutions......Page 402
UPTAKE OF METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER BY HYBRID POPULUS PLANTED IN SOIL Experimental Setup......Page 403
CHANNEL TESTS WITH ALFALFA......Page 404
FATE OF METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER IN THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 405
CONCLUSIONS......Page 406
READING LIST......Page 407
SOURCES OF SELENIUM CONTAMINATION......Page 409
PHYTOREMEDIATION......Page 410
Introduction of Genes from Selenium Hyperaccumulators......Page 411
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 412
PIPE IDENTIFICATION......Page 413
PIPE MORPHOLOGY......Page 414
PIPE EROSION AND WATER QUALITY......Page 415
LOW FLOW GROUNDWATER PURGING AND SURGING......Page 416
GROUNDWATER QUALITY......Page 418
RADIAL WELLS......Page 419
RECHARGE IN ARID REGIONS......Page 420
VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION AND RECHARGE......Page 421
PRECIPITATION VERSUS EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 422
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 423
MODELING APPROACHES......Page 425
Kinetic Models......Page 426
Biodegradation.......Page 427
MODEL LIMITATIONS AND APPLICABILITY......Page 428
RECHARGE......Page 429
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 430
CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL FLOW SYSTEMS Water Chemistry......Page 431
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 432
AIR......Page 433
EH/PH CHANGES......Page 434
BIOREMEDIATION......Page 435
OXYGEN DELIVERY......Page 436
THE IMPORTANCE OF ADEQUATE HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION FOR INSITU REMEDIATION......Page 437
INTRODUCTION......Page 438
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION......Page 439
BIOVENTING......Page 440
Biosparging......Page 441
BIOSPARGING—A CASE HISTORY......Page 442
INTRODUCTION......Page 444
Capping.......Page 445
Bioleaching.......Page 446
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 447
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION PROJECT LIFE CYCLE......Page 448
PHASE III......Page 449
INTRODUCTION......Page 450
Removal and Immobilization Technologies......Page 451
Oxidation Processes.......Page 453
Bioremediation.......Page 454
INTRODUCTION......Page 455
Measurement of Resistivity......Page 456
Dipole–Dipole Array.......Page 457
Electrical Sounding and Horizontal Pro ling......Page 458
Case Study 1......Page 459
Dissolution Rate for Rock, R......Page 460
Probability of Transport from Groundwater to Human Stomachs, p......Page 461
HIGH LEVEL WASTE VERSUS AVERAGE ROCK......Page 462
CAUSES OF URBAN RUNOFF......Page 463
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION FROM URBAN RUNOFF......Page 464
SALINE SEEP......Page 465
GRAB GROUNDWATER SAMPLING......Page 466
QUALITY CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER SAMPLES......Page 467
MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES......Page 468
EQUILIBRATION TIME FOR PASSIVE DIFFUSION SAMPLERS......Page 469
CASE STUDY: APPLICATION OF PASSIVE DIFFUSIONS SAMPLERS AT A HETEROGENEOUS SITE......Page 470
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 471
SPECIFIC CAPACITY......Page 472
MEASURING WATER CONTENTS......Page 473
MOISTURE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES......Page 474
ORIGINS......Page 475
Sampling......Page 476
SPATIAL VARIABILITY: DEFINITION, ORIGIN, SIGNIFICANCE, AND MEASUREMENT METHODS......Page 477
MEASUREMENTS......Page 478
LIMITATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS......Page 479
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 482
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity......Page 483
WATER VAPOR MOVEMENT......Page 484
SPECIFIC GRAVITY......Page 485
Drilling Fluids......Page 486
HOT SPRINGS......Page 487
SQUEEZING WATER FROM ROCK......Page 489
DEFINITIONS......Page 492
CONFINED AQUIFERS—A CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING......Page 493
CONFINED AQUIFERS—A MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDING......Page 494
QANAT DESCRIPTION......Page 495
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF QANATS......Page 496
CONSTRUCTING A QANAT......Page 497
QANAT VERSUS DRILLED WELL......Page 498
BRIEF HISTORY OF LYSIMETERS......Page 499
RECENT USAGE OF NONWEIGHING DRAINAGE LYSIMETERS......Page 500
EQUILIBRIUM-TENSION LYSIMETERS......Page 501
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 502
Steady-State and Unsteady-State Flows......Page 503
Determination of T Using Two Observation Wells: Dupuit–Thiem Method.......Page 504
Thiem’s(1906)EquilibriumEquationUsingTwoObservationWells.......Page 505
Semicon ned Aquifer Flows Aquifer Constants from the Steady-State Flow of a Well in a Semicon ned Aquifer: Hantush and Jacob met......Page 506
Steady-State Flow to a Partially Penetrating Well.......Page 507
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 508
UNCONFINED AQUIFERS......Page 509
INTRODUCTION......Page 510
Matching Boundary Condition for the Darcy Equation as a Porous Flow Equation.......Page 511
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 512
INTRODUCTION......Page 513
Environmental Isotopes.......Page 514
Major ions.......Page 515
Drifts.......Page 516
Fluorescent Dyes.......Page 517
Interpretation of Results.......Page 518
ORIGINS IN DARCY’S LAW......Page 519
HETEROGENEITY AND ANISOTROPY......Page 520
Anisotropy......Page 521
EFFECTIVE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY VALUES......Page 522
Laboratory Testing......Page 524
Field Measurements—Aquifer Tests......Page 525
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSURFACE WATER......Page 526
STORAGE IN CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS......Page 527
Diffusion......Page 528
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT......Page 529
INTRODUCTION......Page 530
FIELD DATA SOURCES AND MODEL SETUP......Page 531
Monticello......Page 532
Monticello Mill Site......Page 533
Copenhagen Site......Page 534
SUMMARY......Page 535
INTRODUCTION......Page 536
One-Dimensional Transport Equations......Page 537
Techniques for Determining Hydrodynamic Parameters......Page 538
Oxidation and Reduction......Page 539
Energy Flow and Metabolism......Page 540
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 541
SOIL WATER......Page 543
WATER POTENTIAL COMPONENTS......Page 544
GROUNDWATER AND VADOSE ZONE HYDROLOGY......Page 545
Effective Recharge or In ltration......Page 546
Soil–Water Characteristic Curve......Page 547
Determining the Soil–Water Characteristic Curve.......Page 548
FLOW PROCESSES IN THE VADOSE ZONE......Page 549
INTRODUCTION......Page 550
Neutron Moisture Probe......Page 551
Time-Domain Re ectometry......Page 552
Direct Liquid Monitoring Techniques......Page 553
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 554
SOURCES OF ORGANIC VAPORS......Page 555
Advection......Page 556
SUMMARY......Page 557
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 558
SOIL VAPOR METHODS Collection of Soil Vapor Samples......Page 560
Assessing and De ning Groundwater Contamination......Page 561
Contaminant Vapor Transport Rates......Page 562
Estimation of the Downward Transport of Contaminant Vapors into Groundwater......Page 563
Benzene and Light Aromatics (BTEX).......Page 564
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 565
GROUNDWATER VELOCITIES......Page 566
VISCOSITY AND NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY......Page 567
Bingham Plastics.......Page 568
Viscoelastic Fluids.......Page 569
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY......Page 570
EQUATION OF MOTION......Page 571
WHAT IS GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY?......Page 573
WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE VULNERABILITY?......Page 574
Process-Based Computer Simulations......Page 575
CALVUL.......Page 576
WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS?......Page 577
ADSORPTION......Page 578
DISSOLUTION......Page 580
PRECIPITATION......Page 581
Dug Wells......Page 583
HORIZONTAL LOUVER SCREENS......Page 584
MACHINE-SLOTTED (MILLED) SCREENS......Page 585
WELL TEST......Page 586
SAFE YIELD OF AN AQUIFER......Page 587
SPECIFIC YIELD STORAGE EQUATION......Page 588
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 589
BACKGROUND......Page 590
MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION MODEL......Page 591
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY......Page 592
MECHANISMS OF BIODEGRADATION......Page 594
Sulfate-Reducing to Methanogenic Conditions......Page 595
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMONSTRATION OF NATURAL ATTENUATION Hydrogeology......Page 598
MNA Monitoring Well Network Considerations......Page 599
MNA Degradation Rate Constant Considerations......Page 600
SUMMARY......Page 601
READING LIST......Page 602
GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY TO PESTICIDES: STATISTICAL APPROACHES......Page 606
Statistical Approach......Page 607
Process-Based Approach......Page 608
Vulnerability Index.......Page 609
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 610
GROUNDWATER NEEDS PROTECTION......Page 611
GROUNDWATER—ALWAYS ON THE MOVE......Page 612
ALMOST NINE MILLION CANADIANS DEPEND ON GROUNDWATER......Page 613
Saltwater Intrusion......Page 614
Sources of Contamination That Can Cause Groundwater Contamination......Page 615
GROUNDWATER AND ENGINEERING......Page 616
PHARMACEUTICALS, HORMONES, AND OTHER ORGANIC WASTEWATER CONTAMINANTS IN U.S. STREAMS......Page 617
FINDINGS......Page 618
HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 619
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF IRON IN GROUNDWATER......Page 620
IRON OXIDES AND INSITUMETAL/ORGANIC ADSORPTION......Page 621
SOURCES OF COBALT......Page 622
FATE AND TRANSPORT......Page 623
COBALT REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES......Page 624
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 625
Aquatic Cadmium......Page 626
Effects on Humans/Mammals.......Page 627
SORPTION AND DESORPTION OF CADMIUM IN SOILS......Page 628
Subsurface Barriers: Pump and Treat......Page 629
In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation......Page 630
INTRODUCTION......Page 631
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS......Page 632
DISCRETIZATION......Page 633
POSTPROCESSING: RESULTS AND VISUALIZATION......Page 635
PARAMETER ESTIMATION......Page 636
CONCLUSION......Page 637
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE......Page 638
Remedial Measures......Page 639
PROPERTIES OF NITRATES......Page 640
FATE AND TRANSPORT......Page 641
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 642
Potassium Perchlorate (KClO4)......Page 643
REMEDIATION......Page 644
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 645
Production of Vinyl Chloride in Groundwater......Page 646
EXPOSURE......Page 647
Mutation and Cancer......Page 648
REGULATIONS......Page 649
Passive Reactive Treatment Walls.......Page 650
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 651
PROCESSING OF URANIUM......Page 652
Chemical Precipitation......Page 653
INTRODUCTION......Page 654
Organic Mercury Compounds......Page 655
REMEDIATION......Page 656
INTRODUCTION......Page 657
HEALTH RISKS......Page 658
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS......Page 659
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 660
VISCOSITY AND OSTWALD’S EXPERIMENT......Page 661
RANGE 2: transition ow (see Fig. 4)......Page 662
EQUATION OF MOTION......Page 663
STEADY-STATE FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES......Page 664
CREEPING FLOW PAST A SPHERE......Page 666
INTRODUCTION......Page 667
TYPES OF FINITE ELEMENTS......Page 668
FINITE ELEMENT SCHEMES FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW PROBLEMS......Page 669
TEMPORAL DISCRETIZATION......Page 670
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR COUPLED FLOWS......Page 671
BENEFITS OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELING FOR MODELING COUPLED FLOW......Page 672
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 673
WATER FLOW Mathematical Formulation......Page 674
CONTAMINATION Mathematical Formulation......Page 675
AQUIFER VARIABILITY......Page 676
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 677
STATUS OF LITERATURE......Page 680
ADAPTIVE MODIFIED SEQUENTIAL METHOD......Page 681
DNAPLS MIGRATION IN......Page 682
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 683
INTRODUCTION......Page 684
SPMD-BIOMEMBRANE SIMILARITIES......Page 685
BASICS OF SAMPLING USING SPMDS......Page 686
DEPLOYMENT, PROCESSING, AND ANALYSIS OF SPMDS......Page 687
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 688
GENERAL......Page 689
FREDERICTON AQUIFER CASE STUDY......Page 690
Riverine Electromagnetic and Seismic Surveys.......Page 691
SingleChannel Seismic Re ection Surveys.......Page 692
Water Temperature.......Page 693
Comparison with Slow-Sand Filtration.......Page 695
Seasonal Geochemical Variations.......Page 696
SUMMARY......Page 698
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 699
A......Page 701
B......Page 709
C......Page 715
D......Page 727
E......Page 733
F......Page 739
G......Page 745
H......Page 751
I......Page 757
J,K......Page 763
L......Page 764
M......Page 768
N......Page 777
O......Page 781
P......Page 785
R......Page 794
S......Page 801
T......Page 815
U......Page 821
V......Page 824
W......Page 825
Z......Page 836