Water Conservation in the Era of Global Climate Change

Water Conservation in the Era of Global Climate Change
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
Biographies
1 Impact of climate change and water quality degradation on food security and agriculture
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Climate change
1.2.1 Precursors of climate change
1.2.2 Current scenario of global climate change
1.3 Water quality degradation
1.3.1 Basic parameters of water quality
1.3.2 Precursors and adverse effects of water quality degradation
1.3.3 Current status of global water quality degradation
1.4 Global food security
1.4.1 Components of food security
1.4.1.1 Availability of food
1.4.1.2 Access to food
1.4.1.3 Utilization of food
1.4.1.4 Stability
1.4.2 Assessment of food security
1.4.3 Factors affecting food security
1.5 Impact of climate change and degrading water quality on agriculture
1.5.1 Impact of climate change on agriculture
1.5.1.1 Agriculture and shifting climate zones
1.5.1.2 Impact on agricultural soil
1.5.1.3 Factors influencing agriculture
1.5.1.4 Impact on crops
1.5.2 Impact of water quality degradation on agriculture
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Groundwater extractions and climate change
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Groundwater sources: global distribution, quality, and uses
2.3 Impact of urbanization and industrialization on ground water sources
2.4 Groundwater extractions and climate change
2.5 Management of groundwater sources
2.6 Concluding remarks: major challenges and future prospects
References
3 Urban water-supply management: indirect issues of climate change leading to water scarcity scenarios in developing and un...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Impacts of climate change on water resource
3.2.1 Impacts of climate change on water resources in developing and underdeveloped nations
3.2.1.1 Impacts of climate change on African countries
3.2.1.2 Impacts of climate change on Asia
3.2.1.3 Impacts of climate change on small island states
3.3 Urban water-supply management
3.4 Impacts of climate change on urban water-supply management
3.4.1 Reduced water availability
3.4.2 Water quality deterioration
3.4.3 Increased runoff
3.4.4 Increased salinization
3.4.5 Other issues
3.5 Mitigating the impacts of climate change on urban water-supply management
3.5.1 Mitigating reduced water availability
3.5.2 Mitigating deterioration in water quality
3.5.3 Mitigating salinization
3.5.4 Application of various approaches to deal with wastewater treatment
3.5.5 Improvement in administration/management of water resources
3.5.5.1 A decentralized system of urban water management
3.5.5.2 Water utility management approaches
3.6 Climate change adaptations in case of urban water supply in developing countries
3.7 Conclusions
References
4 Impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystem
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Water and freshwater
4.1.2 Types of freshwater habitats
4.1.3 Distribution of freshwater
4.2 Influence of climate change on water resource
4.2.1 Cause of climate change
4.2.2 Climate change and the global hydrological cycle
4.3 Case studies of climate change impact on river water/river basin
4.3.1 Case study 1: impact of climate change on Ganga, Hooghly, Meghna, Mahanadi, and Brahmaputra River flowing in India an...
4.3.2 Case study 2: amplified flood hazard in Indian subcontinent due to the warming climate
4.4 Physicochemical influence of changing climate on freshwater resource
4.4.1 Physical impacts
4.4.1.1 Impact of climate change on glaciers
4.4.1.2 Extreme events—floods and droughts
4.4.1.3 Increase of water temperature
4.4.1.4 Sea level rise
4.4.1.5 Saline intrusion
4.4.1.6 Morphology and sediments
4.4.2 Chemical impact of climate change on freshwater resource
4.4.2.1 Impact on quality of the river
4.4.2.2 Impact on quality of lakes
4.4.2.3 Eutrophication in the aqueous system
4.5 Climate change trends and future impacts on freshwater
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 An overview of the potential impacts of global climate change on water resources
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Global climate change
5.3 Components of climate change
5.3.1 Earth’s orbital change
5.3.2 Volcanic activity
5.3.3 Greenhouse gas emissions
5.3.4 Changes in land use
5.4 Major effects of climate change
5.4.1 Precipitation pattern
5.4.2 Water quality
5.4.3 Eutrophication
5.5 Effect of climate change on different water bodies
5.5.1 Rivers
5.5.2 Costal lagoons and estuaries
5.5.3 Seas
5.5.4 Ground water
5.5.4.1 Groundwater discharge
5.5.4.2 Groundwater flow and storage
5.5.4.3 Groundwater quality
5.5.5 Surface water
5.5.6 Surface and subsurface hydrological interactions
5.5.7 Soil moisture and vadose zone
5.5.8 Aquifer recharge
5.6 Climate change mitigation
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6 Climatic controls on water resources and its management: challenges and prospects of sustainable development in Indian pe...
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydrological cycle and climate change
6.3 Water resources of India
6.3.1 Surface water resources
6.3.2 Groundwater resources
6.4 Water consumption and its management
6.4.1 Flood management and climate change
6.4.2 Drought management and climate change
6.4.3 Groundwater management and climate change
6.5 Climate change impacts on water availability
6.5.1 Water scarcity and food security
6.5.2 Water quality and groundwater contamination
6.5.3 Precipitation variability
6.5.4 Loss of aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity
6.6 Challenges and prospects of sustainable development
6.6.1 Resource planning and strategy
6.6.2 Resource assessment and efficiency elevation
6.6.3 Pollution and quality control
6.6.4 Climate change and environmental degradation
6.6.5 Legislation supporting water resources
6.6.6 Research, education, and training
6.6.7 Public participation, capacity building and international cooperation
6.7 Conclusion-looking ahead
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interests
References
7 Recent advances in nanotechnology for accomplishing sustainable agriculture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Agricultural problems
7.2.1 Plant pathogens
7.2.2 Plant pests
7.3 Nanotechnology-based management of plant diseases
7.3.1 Detection of plant diseases
7.3.1.1 Detection based on quantum dots nanoparticles
7.3.1.2 Detection based on metal nanoparticles
7.3.1.3 Detection based on nanobiosensors
7.3.1.4 Detection based on nanostructured platforms
7.3.1.5 Detection based on nanodiagnostic kits
7.3.1.6 Control of plant diseases
7.3.1.7 Control based on nanosilver-silica composites and silver nanoparticles
7.3.1.8 Control based on carbon nanomaterials
7.3.1.9 Control based on titanium dioxide nanoparticles
7.3.1.10 Control based on chitosan nanoparticles
7.4 Retention of soil moisture
7.5 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgment
References
8 Water, arsenic, and climate change
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources and occurrences
8.3 Toxicity
8.3.1 Acute and subacute toxicity
8.3.2 Chronic toxicity
8.3.2.1 Skin cancer
8.3.2.2 Internal cancer
8.3.2.3 Effects on chromosome or chromosome disorder
8.4 Speciation and mobility
8.4.1 Arsenic methylation
8.4.2 Effect of Eh–pH
8.4.3 Adsorption on oxyhydroxides and arsenic mobility
8.5 Groundwater arsenic contamination
8.6 Climate change, groundwater, and arsenic contamination
8.6.1 Impact of climate change on groundwater arsenic contamination
8.6.2 Impact of seasonal variation
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 An overview of nanotechnology in water treatment applications and combating climate change
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Role of nanotechnology in water treatment
9.2.1 Nanoadsorption
9.2.1.1 Carbon nanotubes
9.2.1.2 Polymeric nanoadsorbents
9.2.1.3 Zeolites
9.2.1.4 Nanometals and nanometal oxides
9.2.1.4.1 Nanosilver and nano-TiO2
9.2.1.4.2 Mangnetic nanoparticles
9.2.1.4.3 Nanozero valent iron
9.2.2 Membranes and membrane processes
9.2.2.1 Nanofiltration membranes
9.2.2.2 Self assembling membranes
9.2.2.3 Aquaporin-based membranes
9.2.2.4 Nanocomposites membranes
9.2.2.5 Nanofiber membranes
9.2.3 Photocatalysis
9.3 Role of nanotechnology to combat climate change
9.3.1 Lightweight nanocomposite materials
9.3.2 Nanocoatings
9.3.3 Nanocatalysts
9.3.4 Nanostructured materials
9.3.5 Improved renewables
9.3.6 Batteries
9.3.7 Nanotech sensors
9.3.8 Harvesting CO2
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Climate change: impact on waterborne infectious diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The economic impacts of climate change
10.3 Water resources
10.3.1 Recreational water
10.3.2 Drinking water
10.4 Intensive water-related climatic conditions
10.4.1 Flood
10.4.2 Tsunami
10.4.3 Hurricane
10.5 Climate change and vector-borne infectious diseases
10.6 Climate change and some significant waterborne infectious microbes
10.6.1 Cryptosporidium
10.6.2 Cholera
10.7 Alleviating the impacts of climate change
10.8 Promoting population health during intense climatic events
10.8.1 Surveillance
10.8.2 Outbreaks investigations
10.8.3 Public health education
10.8.4 Community engagement
10.8.5 Policies and regulations
10.8.6 Accessible care
10.8.7 Research and development
10.9 Conclusions
References
11 Impacts of global climate change on water quality and its assessment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of global climate change on water resources
11.3 Factors of global climate change affecting water quality
11.3.1 Impacts of increased global temperature and precipitation
11.3.2 Impacts of droughts and increased temperature on water quality
11.3.3 Impacts of flood and heavy precipitation on water quality
11.3.4 Impacts of superstorm and high winds on water quality of coastal surface water and estuaries
11.3.5 Impacts of extreme heat and cold on water quality
11.3.6 Impacts of wildfire and heavy precipitation on water quality
11.3.7 Global climate change and groundwater quality
11.3.7.1 Impact of climate change on trace metals contamination in groundwater
11.3.7.2 Impacts of climate change on coastal aquifer salinity and saline water intrusion
11.3.7.3 Impacts of climate change on groundwater nitrate pollution
11.3.7.4 Impact of climate change on groundwater fluoride contamination
11.3.7.5 Impacts of climate change on groundwater organic carbon
11.3.7.6 Impact of acid mine drainage on groundwater quality
11.4 Modeling techniques for assessing the impacts of global climate change on water quality
11.4.1 Assessment of stream flow impacts on river/lake basin and application of watershed modeling approach
11.4.2 Assessment of impact of land use change on water quality
11.4.3 Assessment of climate extreme on disinfection byproduct formation by laboratory simulation method
11.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
12 Nanomaterials for climate change and water pollution mitigation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Climate change, global warming, and water pollution
12.2.1 Carbon dioxide
12.2.2 Major water pollutants
12.3 Nanomaterials
12.4 Nanomaterials in climate change
12.4.1 CO2 capturing
12.4.2 Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2
12.4.3 Photocatalytic reduction of CO2
12.4.4 Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2
12.5 Nanomaterials in water pollution
12.5.1 Electrocatalytic wastewater treatment
12.5.2 Photocatalysis of wastewater treatment
12.5.3 Photoelectrocatalysis method
12.6 Conclusion
Reference
13 Biotechnological intervention in global warming: climate change and water crisis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Effects of human intervention in environment
13.3 Effects of global warming
13.3.1 An overview on climate change and change in rainfall pattern
13.4 Biotechnological intervention in combating climate change and water crisis
13.4.1 Role of agricultural biotechnologically in controlling climate change and water crisis
13.4.2 Application of industrial biotechnology in controlling climate change and water crisis
13.4.2.1 Biotechnology in managing wastewater treatment
13.4.3 Application of mycobiotechnology in preventing climate change and water crisis
13.4.4 Nanotechnology in combating climate change and water crisis
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Climate change and its impact on natural resources
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Water resources
14.2.1 Distribution of water
14.2.2 Climatic conditions and water scarcity
14.3 Ocean resources and climate change effect
14.4 Forest resources and vegetation
14.5 Fish and wildlife
14.5.1 Impact of climate change on freshwater
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 The Influence of global climate change on freshwater ecosystem
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Worldwide environmental variations impacting freshwater ecosystems
15.2.1 Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
15.2.2 Increase in temperature
15.2.3 Solar and UV radiation
15.2.4 Precipitation and drought
15.3 Climate, environmental drivers, and aquatic ecosystems
15.4 Direct impacts of climate change on freshwater ecosystems
15.4.1 Effect of climate change on lakes
15.4.1.1 Physical effect
15.4.1.2 Biological effects
15.4.2 Effect of climate change on rivers
15.4.2.1 Physical effects
15.4.2.2 Biological effects
15.4.3 Effect of climate change on wetlands
15.4.3.1 Physical effect
15.4.3.2 Biological effects
15.5 Monitoring the responses of freshwater ecosystems to climate change
15.5.1 Species distribution models to assess climate change impacts
15.5.2 Models for the assessment of invasive species distribution
15.6 Interaction of climate change and eutrophication and acid deposition
15.7 Distribution of persistent organic pollutants and mercury in freshwater ecosystems under changing climatic conditions
15.8 Tools for better decision-making: linking science to policy
15.9 Conclusion
References
16 The impact of wastewater treatment plants on global climate change
16.1 The role of the wastewater treatment on environmental preservation
16.2 Wastewater treatment plants: how do they work and what are the principles behind their operation?
16.2.1 Preliminary treatment
16.2.2 Primary treatment
16.2.3 Secondary treatment
16.2.4 Tertiary treatment
16.2.5 Sludge treatment
16.3 Wastewater treatment and climate change
16.3.1 The carbon cycle
16.3.2 The nitrogen cycle
16.3.3 Emission factors
16.3.4 Overall emissions
16.4 Strategies to control the adverse effect of wastewater treatment plants on climate change
16.5 Effect of climate change on wastewater treatment plants
16.5.1 Effect of rising global temperature
16.5.2 Effect of changes in precipitation patterns and intensities
16.6 Concluding remarks
Abbreviations
References
17 Changing climate and depleting water resources in the mountains with a case study from the Himalayas
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Some of the glaciers in the Himalayan region
17.3 Discussion in reference with case study
17.4 Bhaderwah: a case study from the Himalayas
17.5 Topography and climate
17.6 Geology and soils features of the area
17.7 Sources of water in the area
17.8 Photographs showing the collection from the Neeru stream followed by filtration plant
17.9 Photographs of filtration plant and different reservoirs from the study area
17.10 Conservation strategies
17.11 Adaptation: a buzzword
17.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index