Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual

Cover
About the Author
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Streams and Rivers
1. General
2. Point Source Dilution
3. Discharge Measurement
4. Time of Travel
5. Dissolved Oxygen and Water Temperature
5.1. Dissolved Oxygen Saturation
5.2. Dissolved Oxygen Availability
6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis
7. Streeter–Phelps Oxygen Sag Formula
8. BOD Models and K1 Computation
8.1. First-Order Reaction
8.2. Determination of Deoxygenation Rate and Ultimate BOD
8.3. Temperature Effect on K1
8.4. Second-Order Reaction
9. Determination of Reaeration Rate Constant K2
9.1. Basic Conservation
9.2. From BOD and Oxygen Sag Constants
9.3. Empirical Formulas
9.4. Stationary Field Monitoring Procedure
10. Sediment Oxygen Demand
10.1. Relationship of Sediment Characteristics and SOD
10.2. SOD versus DO
11. Organic Sludge Deposits
12. Photosynthesis and Respiration
13. Natural Self-Purification in Streams
13.1. Oxygen Sag Curve
13.2. Determination of kr
13.3. Critical Point on Oxygen Sag Curve
13.4. Simplified Oxygen Sag Computations
14. SOD of DO Usage
15. Apportionment of Stream Users
15.1. Method 1
15.2. Method 2
15.3. Method 3
16. Velz Reaeration Curve (a Pragmatic Approach)
16.1. Dissolved Oxygen Used
16.2. Reaeration
17. Stream DO Model (a Pragmatic Approach)
17.1. Influence of a Dam
17.2. Influence of Tributaries
17.3. DO Used
17.4. Procedures of Pragmatic Approach
18. Biological Factors
18.1. Algae
18.2. Indicator Bacteria
18.3. Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index
References
Chapter 2: Lakes and Reservoirs
1. Lakes and Impoundment Impairments
2. Lake Morphometry
3. Water Quality Models
4. Evaporation
4.1. Water Budget Method
4.2. Energy Budget Method
5. The Clean Lakes Program
5.1. Types of Funds
5.2. Eligibility for Financial Assistance
5.3. State Lake Classification Survey
5.4. Phase 1: Diagnostic/Feasibility Study
5.5. Phase 2: Implementation
5.6. Phase 3: Post-Restoration Monitoring
5.7. Watershed Protection Approach
5.8. In-Lake Monitoring
5.9. Trophic State Index
5.10. Lake Use Support Analysis
5.11. Lake Budgets (Fluxes)
5.12. Soil Loss Rate
References
Chapter 3: Groundwater
1. Definition
1.1. Groundwater and Aquifer
1.2. Zones of Influence and Capture
1.3. Wells
2. Hydrogeologic Parameters
2.1. Aquifer Porosity
2.2. Storativity
2.3. Transmissivity
2.4. Flow Nets
2.5. Darcy’s Law
2.6. Permeability
2.7. Specific Capacity
3. Steady Flows in Aquifers
4. Anisotropic Aquifers
5. Unsteady (Nonequilibrium) Flows
5.1. Theis Method
5.2. Cooper–Jacob Method
5.3. Distance-Drawdown Method
5.4. Slug Tests
6. Groundwater Contamination
6.1. Sources of Contamination
6.2. Contaminant Transport Pathways
6.3. Underground Storage Tank
6.4. Groundwater Treatment
7. Setback Zones
7.1. Lateral Area of Influence
7.2. Determination of Lateral Radius of Influence
7.3. The Use of Volumetric Flow Equation
References
Chapter 4: Fundamental and Treatment Plant Hydraulics
1. Definitions and Fluid Properties
1.1. Weight and Mass
1.2. Specific Weight
1.3. Pressure
1.4. Viscosity of Water
1.5. Perfect Gas
2. Water Flow in Pipes
2.1. Fluid Pressure
2.2. Head
2.3. Pipeline Systems
2.4. Distribution Networks
2.5. Sludge Flow
2.6. Dividing-Flow Manifolds and Multiport Diffusers
3. Pumps
3.1. Types of Pump
3.2. Pump Performance
3.3. Cost of Pumping
4. Water Flow in Open Channels
4.1. Che’zy Equation for Uniform Flow
4.2. Manning Equation for Uniform Flow
4.3. Partially Filled Conduit
4.4. Self-Cleansing Velocity
4.5. Specific Energy
4.6. Critical Depth
4.7. Hydraulic Jump
5. Flow Measurements
5.1. Velocity Measurement in Open Channel
5.2. Velocity Measurement in Pipe Flow
5.3. Discharge Measurement of Water Flow in Pipes
5.4. Discharge Measurements
References
Chapter 5: Public Water Supply
1. Sources and Quantity of Water
2. Population Estimates
2.1. Arithmetic Method
2.2. Constant Percentage Growth Rate Method
2.3. Declining Growth Method
2.4. Logistic Curve Method
3. Water Requirements
3.1. Fire Demand
3.2. Leakage Test
4. Regulations for Water Quality
4.1. Safe Drinking Water Act
4.2. Two Major Rules Updated in 2006
4.3. Compliance with Standards
4.4. Atrazine
5. Water Treatment Processes
6. Aeration and Air Stripping
6.1. Gas Transfer Models
6.2. Diffused Aeration
6.3. Packed Towers
6.4. Nozzles
7. Solubility Equilibrium
8. Coagulation
8.1. Jar Test
8.2. Mixing
9. Flocculation
10. Sedimentation
10.1. Overflow Rate
10.2. Inclined settlers
10.3. ClariCone
11. Granular Media Filtration
11.1. Filter Medium Size
11.2. Mixed Media
11.3. Hydraulics of Granular Media Filter
11.4. Washwater Troughs
11.5. Filter Efficiency
12. Membrane Processes
12.1. Overview
12.2. Regulatory Requirements
12.3. Membrane Process Classifications and Descriptions
12.4. Membrane Composition and Properties
12.5. Types of Membrane Systems
12.6. Design Considerations
12.7. Membrane System Operation
12.8. Membrane Process Performance
12.9. Silt Density Index
13. Water Softening
13.1. Lime-Soda Softening
13.2. Pellet Softening
14. Ion Exchange
14.1. Leakage
14.2. Nitrate Removal
15. Iron and Manganese Removal
15.1. Oxidation
16. Activated Carbon Adsorption
16.1. Adsorption Isotherm Equations
17. Residual from Water Plant
17.1. Residual Production and Density
18. Disinfection
18.1. Chemistry of Chlorination
18.2. Ozonation
18.3. Ultraviolet Disinfection
18.4. Disinfection Kinetics
18.5. CT Values
18.6. Disinfection by-Products
19. Water Fluoridation
19.1. Fluoride Chemicals
19.2. Optimal Fluoride Concentrations
19.3. Fluoride Feed Rate (Dry)
19.4. Fluoride Feed Rate for Saturator
19.5. Fluoride Dosage
References
Chapter 6: Wastewater Engineering
1. What Is Wastewater?
2. Characteristics of Wastewater
2.1. Physical Properties of Wastewater
2.2. Chemical Constituents of Wastewater
2.3. Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
3. Sewer Systems
3.1. Separated Sewer System
3.2. Combined Sewers
4. Quantity of Wastewater
4.1. Design Flow Rates
5. Urban Stormwater Management
5.1. Urban Drainage Systems
6. Design of Storm Drainage Systems
7. Precipitation and Runoff
7.1. Rainfall Intensity
7.2. Time of Concentration
7.3. Estimation of Runoff
8. Stormwater Quality
8.1. National Urban Runoff Program
8.2. Event Mean Concentration
8.3. Street and Road Loading Rate
8.4. Runoff Models
9. Sewer Hydraulics
10. Sewer Appurtenances
10.1. Street Inlets
10.2. Manholes
10.3. Inverted Siphons (Depressed Sewers)
11. Pumping Stations
12. Sewer Construction
12.1. Loads and Buried Sewers
13. Wastewater Treatment Systems
13.1. Preliminary Treatment Systems
13.2. Primary Treatment Systems
13.3. Secondary Treatment Systems
13.4. Advanced Treatment Systems
13.5. Compliance with Standards
14. Screening Devices
14.1. Racks and Screens
14.2. Fine Screens
15. Comminutors
16. Grit Chamber
17. Flow Equalization
18. Sedimentation
18.1. Discrete Particle Sedimentation (Type 1)
18.2. Scour
18.3. Sedimentation Tank (Basin)Configuration
18.4. Flocculant Settling (Type 2)
18.5. Hindered Sedimentation (Type 3)
18.6. Compression Settling (Type 4)
19. Primary Sedimentation Tanks
19.1. Rectangular Basin Design
19.2. Circular Basin Design
20. Biological (Secondary) Treatment Systems
20.1. Cell Growth
21. Activated-Sludge Process
21.1. Aeration Periods and BOD Loadings
21.2. F/M Ratio
21.3. Biochemical Reactions
21.4. Process Design Concepts
21.5. Process Mathematical Modeling
21.6. Operation and Control of Activated-Sludge Processes
21.7. Modified Activated-Sludge Processes
21.8. Aeration and Mixing Systems
22. Trickling Filter
22.1. Process Description
22.2. Filter Classification
22.3. Recirculation
22.4. Design Formulas
23. Rotating Biological Contactor
23.1. Hardware
23.2. Process Description
23.3. Advantages
23.4. Disadvantages
23.5. Soluble BOD5
23.6. RBC Process Design
24. Dual Biological Treatment
25. Stabilization Ponds
25.1. Facultative Ponds
25.2. Aerobic Ponds
25.3. Anaerobic Ponds
26. Secondary Clarifier
26.1. Basin Sizing for Attached-Growth Biological Treatment Effluent
26.2. Basin Sizing for Suspended-Growth Biological Treatment
27. Effluent Disinfection
27.1. Chlorination
27.2. Dechlorination
27.3. Process Design
28. Advanced Wastewater Treatment
28.1. Suspended Solids Removal
28.2. Phosphorus Removal
28.3. Nitrogen Control
28.4. SNAD Process
28.5. Membrane Bioreactor
29. Sludge (Residuals) Treatment and Management
29.1. Quantity and Characteristics of Sludge
29.2. Sludge Treatment Alternatives
29.3. Sewage Sludge Biosolids
29.4. Use and Disposal of Sewage Sludge Biosolids
29.5. Regulatory Requirements
30. Wetlands
30.1. Natural Wetlands
30.2. Aquatic Plant Systems
30.3. Constructed Wetlands
References
Appendix A: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency’s Macroinvertebrate Tolerance List
Appendix B: Well Function for Confined Aquifers
Appendix C: Solubility Product Constants for Solution at or near Room Temperature
Appendix D: Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Constants for Toxic Organic Compounds
Appendix E: Factors for Conversion
Index