Water and Climate Change: Sustainable Development, Environmental and Policy Issues

Water and Climate Change
Copyright
Contents
Section A Introduction1
Section B Sustainable development and environmental issues63
Section C Policy issues397
List of contributors
Preface
References
1 Introduction: water, the vital chemical
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The unique chemical properties of water
1.2.1 The polar nature of water
1.2.2 The high enthalpy of vaporization of water
1.2.3 The high heat capacity of water
1.2.4 The anomalous density of frozen water
1.2.5 Water, the “universal” solvent
1.2.6 Acid–base property
1.2.7 High surface tension, low viscosity, and cohesive and adhesive properties
1.3 Water and climate change
1.4 The origin of water on Earth
1.4.1 The water cycle
1.5 The scarcity of water
1.6 Conclusions
References
2 The root causes of climate change and the role played by water
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water and CO2 and the greenhouse effect
2.3 The main greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin
2.4 Feedback mechanisms and tipping points
2.5 Where are we in solving the problem of global heating?
2.6 Solutions
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Water resource planning and climate change
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Climate change and water budget components
3.3 Water reservoirs
3.3.1 Indices of reservoir performance
3.3.1.1 Reliability
3.3.1.2 Resilience
3.3.1.3 Vulnerability
3.3.2 Reservoir operation
3.3.3 Climate change effect on reservoir performance in the Indus Basin
3.3.3.1 System description
3.3.3.2 Design of rule curves and hedging policy
3.3.3.3 Reservoir performance indices
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Potential impacts of climate change on biogeochemical cycling
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Thermodynamics of cycling
4.3 Partitioning
4.3.1 Dissolution
4.3.2 Sorption
4.4 Biochemodynamics
4.5 Biogeochemistry of oxygen in water
4.6 The carbon cycle and greenhouse effect
4.7 Conclusions
References
Further reading
5 Water quality engineering: physical, chemical, and biological treatment for a sustainable future
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Water quality
5.3 Chemical processes
5.4 Wastewater treatment
5.5 Water treatment to manage risks
5.6 Disposal of sludge
5.7 Mixed reactors
5.8 Aerobic reactors
5.9 Anaerobic reactors
5.10 Treating contaminated ground water
5.11 Conclusions
References
6 Urban water supplies in developing countries with a focus on climate change
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Urbanization in developing countries
6.3 Urban water supplies
6.3.1 Source waters
6.3.2 Other water sources innovative needs
6.3.2.1 Water desalination
6.3.2.2 Atmospheric water harvesting
6.3.2.3 Water recycling
6.3.3 Urban water supplies as a resource
6.3.4 Centralized and noncentralized water supplies
6.4 Climate change challenges and urban waters
6.4.1 Water Supplies and demand
6.5 Waste management and climate change and its impact on urban water
6.6 Opportunities and global initiatives
6.6.1 Adaptation and mitigation
6.6.2 Understanding the water baseline
6.6.3 Environmental impact modeling risk
6.7 Water security
6.7.1 Policy makers
6.8 Conclusions
References
Further reading
7 Water purity and sustainable water treatment systems for developing countries
7.1 Introduction: access to clean water in developing countries
7.2 Environmental challenges to water purity in developing countries
7.3 WHO guidelines for water purity
7.3.1 Microbial guidelines
7.3.2 Chemical guidelines
7.3.3 Radiological guidelines
7.3.4 Acceptability: taste, odor, appearance
7.3.5 Other considerations
7.4 Water supply sources used in developing countries
7.5 Water treatment systems used in developing countries
7.5.1 Centralized water treatment systems
7.5.2 Decentralized water treatment systems
7.5.3 Water Safety Plans
7.5.4 Commonly used water treatment methods
7.5.5 Water storage
7.6 Sustainable water management systems
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 Water purification techniques for the developing world
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Water purification methodologies
8.3 Solar treatment and its intensification
8.4 Water disinfection by boiling
8.5 Chemical treatment
8.6 Filtration techniques
8.6.1 Traditional filtration methods
8.6.2 Recent advances/modifications in traditional filtration methods
8.6.3 Hybrid filtration methods
8.7 Natural treatment methods
8.8 Cavitation-based water hand pumps
8.9 Sustainable disinfection of harvested rainwater
8.10 Recent research on emerging methods
8.10.1 Filtration
8.10.2 Solar disinfection
8.10.3 Hybrid techniques
8.11 Impact of Covid 19 pandemic on the water sector in developing countries
8.12 Comparison of various purification techniques
8.13 Conclusions
8.14 Recommendations for future work
References
9 Plastic pollution in waterways and in the oceans
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Global marine plastic pollution
9.2.1 Sources of marine plastic debris
9.2.2 Distribution of microplastics in the marine environment
9.3 Plastic pollution in rivers
9.3.1 Distribution of plastics in global rivers
9.3.2 Riverine transport of microplastics to coastal oceans/seas
9.4 Riverine plastic outflows
9.4.1 Field measured riverine microplastic outflows
9.4.2 Comparison of riverine plastic outflows between measurements and model estimates
References
10 Desalination and sustainability
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Description of desalination processes
10.2.1 Solar stills
10.2.2 Multi-stage flash desalination
10.2.3 Multi-effect distillation
10.2.4 Vapor compression
10.2.5 Energy efficiency of thermal desalination
10.2.6 Reverse osmosis
10.2.7 Membrane distillation
10.3 Desalination and sustainability
10.3.1 Environmental footprint
10.3.2 Economics of desalination
10.3.3 Social aspects of desalination
10.4 Renewable energy integration
10.4.1 Selection process of desalination process
10.5 Future of sustainable desalination
10.5.1 Desalination at household level
10.5.2 Desalination at community or municipal scale
References
11 Groundwater sustainability in a digital world
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Groundwater sustainability
11.3 Digital groundwater
11.4 Internet of Things–based data collection
11.5 Web-based data sharing
11.6 Workflow for data processing
11.7 Scenarios for data usage
11.8 Perspectives of web-based groundwater platforms
11.9 Disclaimer
Acknowledgments
References
12 Economics of water productivity and scarcity in irrigated agriculture
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Productivity concepts as indicators
12.3 Production and scarcity in economics
12.4 Constructing water productivity indicators: physical and economic considerations
12.4.1 Physical considerations
12.4.2 Economic considerations
12.4.3 Net water productivity
12.5 Trends in water productivity
12.5.1 Physical and economic water productivity trends
12.5.2 Economic net water productivity trends: value added, optimization, and hydroeconomic models
12.5.3 Other economic approaches to water productivity and efficiency
12.6 Conclusions
References
13 Potential of municipal wastewater for resource recovery and reuse
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wastewater as a water source
13.3 Wastewater as a nutrient source
13.4 Wastewater as an energy source
13.5 Conclusions and prospects
References
14 Sustainable freshwater management—the South African approach
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The classification system and classification of water resources
14.3 The determination of the reserve and resource quality objectives
14.4 Reflections on the resource directed measure components using the Vaal Barrage catchment in South Africa as a case study
14.5 Source directed controls
14.6 Linking resource directed measure and source directed control instruments for sustainable freshwater resources management
14.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15 Sustainable water management with a focus on climate change
15.1 Introduction and background
15.1.1 What is sustainable water management
15.1.2 The central premise of climate change impacting water resources
15.2 Impacts from climate change
15.2.1 Changes to the water cycle
15.2.2 Changes in water storage
15.2.3 Changes in precipitation patterns
15.2.4 Changes to evapotranspiration rates
15.2.5 Changes in hydraulic retention time
15.2.6 Changes in pollutant loading and processing
15.3 Managing worsening concerns
15.3.1 Eutrophication
15.3.2 Dead zones
15.3.3 Red tides
15.3.4 Flooding
15.3.5 Drought
15.3.6 Pollutants of emerging concern
15.4 Sustainable water management: a need for change
15.4.1 Challenges to effective management
15.4.2 Stream restoration
15.4.3 Green infrastructure
15.4.4 Dam removal and wetland creation
15.4.5 Stormwater management
15.4.6 Sanitation
15.4.7 Sociopolitics and economics
15.4.8 Mitigation, protection, and ecological services
15.5 A sustainable water future
References
16 Food-energy-water nexus and assessment models
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Assessment of food-energy-water nexus
16.3 Food-energy-water nexus model development
16.3.1 WEF Nexus Tool 2.0
16.3.2 CLEWS
16.3.3 WEF Nexus Rapid Appraisal Tool
16.3.4 MuSIASEM
16.3.5 Foreseer
16.3.6 WEAP-LEAP
16.4 Comparison of different models
16.5 Applications of F-E-W nexus models
16.6 Future considerations
References
17 Emerging water pollutants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Dose-response relationships
17.3 Uncertainty
17.4 Conclusions
References
18 Local representations of a changing climate
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Local conditions of a changing climate
18.2.1 Bergen, Norway
18.2.2 Brest, Kerourien, France
18.2.3 Dordrecht, the Netherlands
18.2.4 Gulf of Morbihan, France
18.2.5 Jade Bay, Germany
18.3 Art and science local representation processes by site and related challenges
18.3.1 Bergen, Norway
18.3.2 Brest, Kerourien, France
18.3.3 Dordrecht, the Netherlands
18.3.4 Gulf of Morbihan, France
18.3.5 Jade Bay, Germany
18.4 Metadata and dynamic mapping perspectives for local representations
18.5 Lessons learned and final conclusions
18.5.1 Conclusions on local representations for codeveloping climate services
18.5.2 Final conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
19 Agricultural water pollution
19.1 Introduction and background
19.1.1 Water consumption and contamination tied to agriculture
19.1.2 Pollutants
19.1.3 Land Use
19.2 Pollution problems generated from agricultural practices
19.2.1 Biosolids and contamination
19.2.2 Fertilizers and eutrophication
19.2.3 Toxic contamination from pesticides
19.2.4 Bacterial contamination
19.3 Shifting practices and climate change
19.3.1 Globalization and trade
19.3.2 Climate change
19.3.3 Land management (best management practices)
19.3.4 Emerging concerns
19.4 Water pollution control
19.4.1 Water quality
19.4.2 Best management practices
19.4.3 Land management practices
19.4.4 Intensive management practices
19.5 Agriculture and a sustainable future
References
20 Environmental impacts on global water resources and poverty, with a focus on climate change
20.1 Environmental impacts on national/regional water resources
20.2 Impacts of climate change on poverty
20.3 Exposure and vulnerability impacts
20.4 Slow-onset events
20.5 Future trends
References
21 Climate change and water justice
21.1 Introduction
21.2 What is justice and for whom? Examples from the water sector
21.3 Defining water justice
21.4 Water justice and climate change vulnerability
21.5 Water justice and climate change’s proposed solutions
21.5.1 Mitigation
21.5.2 Adaptation
21.6 Naturalizing climate change
21.7 Struggle(s) for water and climate justice
21.8 Conclusions
References
22 Environmental ethics and sustainable freshwater resource management
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Key issues and the need for environmental ethical considerations in water resource management
22.3 Approaches to environmental ethics from a western perspective
22.3.1 Value-oriented environmental ethics
22.3.1.1 Anthropocentric environmental ethics
22.3.1.2 Nonanthropocentric environmental ethics
22.3.2 Relationship-based environmental ethics
22.3.2.1 Pragmatic environmental ethics
22.3.2.2 Ecofeminist environmental ethics (ecofeminism)
22.3.2.3 Deep ecology
22.3.3 African environmental ethics
22.4 Relating environmental ethics to water resource management in the context of complex socio-ecological systems
22.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index