The book is unique in highlighting the issue of wastewater as one of the important environmental issues. The uniqueness also lies in exploring the concepts of converting waste into resources in the form of bioenergy, biofertilizers through various biological methods. Given the international scenario, the chapters of this book are designed to include both anaerobic and aerobic methods of resource recovery from the industrial wastewater. The book is a step toward design with nature and the concept of green chemistry.
Waste menace is one of the most voiced and unsolved problems in the entire world. The whole world is facing the threat of water pollution, soil pollution/ land pollution, odour pollution from the growing waste. Though we find many missions and programs at international, national, and regional level to solve the waste associated issues, this is mostly in context with the solid fraction of the waste. Very little is being done to manage the liquid part of the waste or what we call the wastewater.
The conversion of wastewater has the potential to be converted to energy in the form bioenergy, bio-fertilizers, electricity, nutrient recovery, etc. The use of sludge as biofertilizers solves the problem of sludge management on the one hand and production of organic crops on the other. The biological treatment methods like sludge treatment gives the farmers the source of biofertilizers and organic manure for the plants. In the present scenario, energy crisis is also one of the issues that we are facing particularly in context with the thermal power plants which are environmentally highly polluting. Through various techniques like microbial fuel cells or biohydrogen, we get a source of cleaner energy. So, through this book, we try to produce the content and information to give the audience an understanding of the waste water as one of the environmental and health issues and mitigation strategies. The book gives a sufficient understanding of how waste can be turned into a resource.
Author(s): Pardeep Singh; Pramit Verma; Ravindra Pratap Singh
Series: Springer Water
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: vi; 386
City: Cham
Tags: Water, general; Waste Management/Waste Technology; Environmental Management; Pollution, general; Renewable and Green Energy
Contents
1 New Scope in the Field of Wastewater Treatment: Biopolymer Production and Its Uses
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biopolymer
1.2.1 Types of Biopolymers Based on Repeating Units
1.3 Some Major Biopolymers that Are Extracted from Micro-organisms
1.3.1 Polyphosphate
1.3.2 Cellulose
1.3.3 PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoates)
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Recovery of Macronutrients Phosphorous and Nitrogen and Their Salts
2.3 Phosphorous Recovery
2.3.1 Ionic Exchange and Adsorption
2.3.2 Magnetic Microsorbents
2.3.3 Filtration
2.3.4 Urine Separation
2.3.5 Struvite Precipitation
2.3.6 Electrodialysis
2.3.7 Chemical Precipitation
2.3.8 Biological Recovery
2.3.9 Electrochemical Recovery
2.4 Nitrogen Recovery
2.4.1 Adsorption and Ion Exchange
2.4.2 Struvite Precipitation
2.4.3 Electrodialysis
2.4.4 Electrochemical Separation
2.4.5 Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES)
2.4.6 Aereal Separation of Ammonia
2.4.7 Schemes of N Recovery Based on Membranes
2.4.8 Biological Assimilation
2.4.9 Direct Conversion on Feed and Protein for Livestock
2.5 Potassium Recovery from Wastewater
2.6 Calcium Recovery from Wastewater
2.7 Pulp and Paper Wastewater Treatments
2.7.1 Coagulation and Precipitation
2.7.2 Sedimentation and Flotation
2.7.3 Adsortion
2.7.4 Microbial CaCO3 Precipitation
2.7.5 Wastewater from Paper Production
2.8 Recovery of Other Nutrients from Wastewater
2.9 Conclusion and Prospects
References
3 Recent Update on the Recovery of Various Metals from Wastewater
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Recovery of Metals by Adsorption
3.3 Recovery of Metals by Ion Exchange
3.4 Recovery of Metals by Membrane Filtration
3.5 Recovery of Metals from Chemical Precipitation, Coagulation, and Flocculation
3.6 Electrochemical Treatment and Photocatalysis to Recover Metals
3.7 Electrochemical Deposition
3.8 Bioelectrochemical Recovery of Metals
3.9 Photocatalysis
3.10 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
4 Chemical, Physical and Biological Techniques for Recovery of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 A Shift Towards Wastewater Treatment and Circular Economy
4.2 Presence of Metals in Aqueous Environment
4.3 Need for Recovery of Metals from Wastewater
4.4 Methods for the Recovery of Metals from Wastewater
4.4.1 Chemical Precipitation for Metal Recovery
4.4.2 Coagulation—Flocculation for Metal Recovery
4.4.3 Ion Exchange for Metal Recovery
4.4.4 Membrane Filtration for Metal Recovery
4.4.5 Adsorption and Desorption for Metal Recovery
4.4.6 Electrochemical Separation Methods for Metal Recovery
4.4.7 Photocatalysis for Metal Recovery
4.4.8 Hybrid Techniques for Metal Recovery
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery: Sustainable and Efficient Approaches
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution
5.1.2 Need for Recovery
5.2 Adsorption Based Separation
5.2.1 Carbon-Based Adsorbents
5.2.2 Chitosan-Based Adsorbents
5.2.3 Mineral Adsorbents
5.2.4 Magnetic Adsorbents
5.2.5 Biosorbents
5.3 Membrane-Based Filtration and Separation
5.3.1 Ultrafiltration
5.3.2 Nanofiltration
5.3.3 Microfiltration
5.3.4 Reverse Osmosis
5.3.5 Forward Osmosis
5.3.6 Electrodialysis
5.4 Chemical-Based Separation
5.4.1 Precipitation
5.4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation
5.4.3 Flotation
5.5 Electric-Based Separation
5.5.1 Ion Exchange Treatment
5.6 Photocatalytic-Based Separation
5.7 Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals Using Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Recovery of Various Metals from Industrial Wastewater by Biological Methods
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Metal Recovery from Wastewater Using Conventional Methods
6.3 Biological Methods of Recovery
6.3.1 Bioelectrochemical
6.3.2 Bioprecipitation/Biomineralization
6.3.3 Biosorption
6.3.4 Biomembranes
6.3.5 Bioleaching
6.3.6 Bioremediation
6.3.7 Radionuclides Biorecovery
6.4 Limitations
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Book—Resource Recovery from Wastewater Through Biological Methods Publisher—Springer Nature
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Wastewater
7.3 Methods of Recovery of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
7.3.1 Physical and Chemical Method
7.3.2 Biological Methods
7.4 Reactions by Microbes for Metal Recovery
7.4.1 Biomineralization/Bioprecipitation
7.4.2 Biovolatilization
7.4.3 Biosorption
7.4.4 Bioleaching
7.5 Recent Advances in Heavy Metal Recovery from Wastewater
7.5.1 Nanofiltration
7.5.2 Application of Algae in Wastewater Treatment
7.5.3 Microbial Fuel Cells
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Physico-Chemical Pathways for Wastewater Effluents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Coagulation
8.2.1 How to Select a Coagulant for Water Treatment
8.3 Flocculation
8.4 Flotation
8.4.1 Two Main Methods of Flotation Are
8.5 Neutralization
8.5.1 The Following Four Steps Are Involved in the Neutralization Process
8.6 Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment
8.6.1 MF (Microfiltration)
8.6.2 UF (Ultrafiltration)
8.6.3 NF (Nanofiltration)
8.6.4 FO (Forward Osmosis)
8.6.5 RO (Reverse Osmosis)
8.7 Ammonia Stripping
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Biofertilizers from Wastewater: Strategy to Check Water Pollution and Chemical Fertilizers in Agriculture
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wastewater from Agriculture
9.3 Traditional Technologies for Nutrient Recovery
9.3.1 Chemical Process
9.3.2 Biological Process
9.4 Advanced Technologies for Nutrient Recovery
9.4.1 Membrane System
9.4.2 Osmotic Membrane Bioreactor
9.4.3 Bio-electrochemical System
9.4.4 Membrane Photobioreactor
9.4.5 Hydrophytes and Macrophytes Are Used for Treating Wastewater
9.4.6 Microalgae Used for the Treatment of Wastewater
9.4.7 Conventionally Microalgae Are Used for the Treatment of Wastewater
9.4.8 Microalgae Used for Harsh Wastewater
9.4.9 (Photo-) Bioreactor Systems
9.4.10 Suspended WWT Systems
9.4.11 Immobilized Approach
9.5 Merits and Demerits of Technologies for Recovering/Enriching Nutrients from Waste Water
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Wastewater into a Resource: Biofertilizers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Wastewater
10.2.1 Global Statistics of Wastewater
10.2.2 Sources of Wastewater
10.2.3 Composition of Wastewater
10.3 Biofertilizer and Its Implication for Sustainable Agriculture
10.3.1 Types of Biofertilizer
10.3.2 Components of Biofertilizer
10.3.3 The Mechanism of Biofertilizer for ‘Plant Growth, Development and Productivity’
10.4 Generation of Biofertilizer from Wastewater
10.4.1 Struvite Crystallization
10.4.2 Biofertilizer Production Using Microalgae
10.5 Challenges of the Biofertilizer Production from Wastewater
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Microalgae-Mediated Wastewater Treatment for Biofertilizer Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microalgae in Wastewater
11.3 Steps in Microalgae Based Biomass Production
11.4 Harvesting of Micro-Algal Biomass
11.5 Enhanced Production of Microalgal Biomass
11.6 Microalgae as Biofertilizer: Use in Sustainable Agriculture
11.7 Future Prospects
References
12 Book: “Resource Recovery from Wastewater Through Biological Methods” Biofertilizers from Wastewater
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Wastewater
12.2.1 Municipal Wastewater
12.2.2 Agricultural Wastewater
12.2.3 Industrial Wastewater
12.3 Nutrients in Wastewater
12.3.1 Nitrogen
12.3.2 Phosphorous
12.3.3 Heavy Metal
12.4 Role of Micro-Organisms in Wastewaters Treatments
12.4.1 Bacterial Mediated Wastewater Treatment
12.4.2 Microalga Mediated Wastewater Treatment
12.5 Biofertilizers Production Technology
12.5.1 Cultivation
12.5.2 Harvesting and Drying
12.5.3 Using Biomass as Biofertilizers
12.6 Application of Biofertilizers
12.6.1 Improving Soil Fertility
12.6.2 Nitrogen Bioavailability
12.6.3 Phosphorous Bioavailability
12.6.4 Reclamation of Saline Soil
12.6.5 Plant Growth Prompters
12.7 Conclusion
References
13 Advancements in Microbial Fuel Cells Technology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
13.3 Functioning of the MFC
13.4 Waste Treatment Principles Using MFCs
13.5 Construction of MFC
13.5.1 Identifying Microbial Communities
13.5.2 Anode
13.5.3 Cathode
13.5.4 Membrane
13.6 Functional Parameters Affecting MFCs’ Efficiency
13.7 Different Waste Material Segregation from the Wastewater
13.7.1 Urine as Energy Source
13.7.2 Human Feces and Other Wastes as Energy Source
13.7.3 Metal Removal in MFCs
13.8 Challenges of Working with MFCs
13.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Microbial Fuel Cell and Wastewater Treatment
14.1 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell
14.2 Microbial Fuel Cell Working Principle
14.3 History and Invention
14.4 Microbial Fuel Cell Operating Conditions
14.4.1 Anodic Compartment
14.4.2 Microbial Culture
14.4.3 Substrates
14.4.4 Redox Mediators
14.4.5 Cathodic Compartment
14.4.6 Exchange Membrane
14.5 Different Types of MFCs
14.5.1 Single Circuit MFCs
14.5.2 Double Circuit MFCs
14.5.3 Mediator MFCs
14.5.4 Mediator Free MFCs
14.6 Bio-electrochemical Catalytic Activity of Biofilms
14.7 Current Wastewater Treatments in Use
14.8 Wastewater Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cells
14.9 Benefits and Drawbacks of Current MFC Technologies
14.9.1 Benefits/Applications
14.9.2 Drawbacks
14.10 The Technical Challenges Faced by MFC Operations
14.11 Economic Feasibility of MFCs
14.11.1 Operational Cost of MFCs
14.11.2 Capital Cost of MFC’s
14.12 Conclusion
References
15 Advancement in Biodiesel Production Methodologies Using Different Feedstock
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biodiesel
15.3 The First Generation of Biodiesel
15.3.1 Feedstock
15.4 Second Generation of Biodiesel
15.4.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Feedstock
15.5 Third Generation of Biodiesel
15.6 Factors Affecting Microalgal Lipid Production
15.6.1 Temperature
15.6.2 Light
15.6.3 pH
15.6.4 Salinity
15.6.5 Nutrients
15.7 Conversion of Lipids to Biodiesel
15.7.1 Esterification and Transesterification
15.8 Future Prospective
15.9 Conclusion
References
16 Lipid Biomass to Biofuel
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Generation of Biofuels
16.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels
16.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels
16.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels
16.3 Factors Affecting the Lipid Content in Microalgae
16.3.1 Effect of Nutrients Availability
16.3.2 Effect of CO2
16.3.3 Effect of Carbon Sources
16.3.4 Effect of Light
16.3.5 Effect of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
16.3.6 Effect of Temperature
16.3.7 Effect of pH
16.3.8 Mode of nutrition
16.4 Stages for Biofuel Production from Microalgae
16.4.1 Cultivation of Microalgae
16.4.2 Dewatering
16.4.3 Cell Disruption Methods/Pretreatment Methods
16.4.4 Lipids Extraction Methods
16.5 Conversion of Microalgal Lipid to Biofuel
16.5.1 Transesterification
16.5.2 Biochemical Conversion
16.5.3 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
16.6 Drop-in-Biofuels
16.6.1 Upgradation of Pyrolysis Oil
16.7 Analysis and Characteristics of Biodiesel
16.7.1 FT-IR
16.7.2 Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis
16.7.3 Properties of Biodiesel
16.8 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
17 Future Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Wastewater as Resources with Emphasis on Plastics
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fertilizers (Mainly Phosphates and Nitrogen and Their Salts)
17.3 Wastewater Treatment
17.4 Other Technologies for Tertiary Treatment
17.5 Plastics
17.6 Current Scenario
17.7 Ecotoxicological Studies in Planktonic Organisms
17.8 Microplastics in Aquatic Media
17.9 Microplastic Removal in Wastewater
17.10 Metals
17.11 Conclusions and Prospectives
References
