Many standard industrial waste treatment texts sufficiently address a few major technologies for conventional in-plant environmental control strategies in the food industry. But none explore the complete range of technologies with a focus on new developments in innovative and alternative technology, design criteria, effluent standards, managerial decision methodology, and regional and global environmental conservation specific to the food industry. Until now. Waste Treatment in the Food Processing Industry provides in-depth coverage of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, management strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards, and future trends. It delineates methodologies, technologies, and the regional and global effects of important pollution control practices. The book highlights major food processing plants or installations that have significant effects on the environment. Since the areas of food industry waste treatment are broad, no one can claim to be an expert in all of them. Reflecting this, the editors recruited collective contributions from specialists in their respective topics, rather than relying on a single author's expertise. The topics covered include dairies, seafood processing plants, olive oil manufacturing factories, potato processing plants, soft drink production plants, bakeries, and various other food processing facilities. Professors, students, and researchers in the environmental, civil, chemical, sanitary, mechanical, and public health engineering and science fields will find valuable educational materials in this book. The extensive bibliographies for each type of food waste treatment or practice will be invaluable to environmental managers, or researchers who need to trace, follow, duplicate, or improve on a specific food waste treatment practice. Comprehensive in scope, the book provides solutions that are directly applicable to the daily waste management problems specific to the food processing industry.
Author(s): Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung, Howard H. Lo
Edition: 1
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 322
Table of Contents......Page 5
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 7
1.2.3 Cheese......Page 8
1.2.6 Ice Cream......Page 9
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF WASTEWATER......Page 10
1.4.1 Direct Discharge to a Sewage Treatment Works......Page 11
Flow and Composition Balancing......Page 14
Fats, Oil, and Grease Removal......Page 15
Biological Treatment......Page 16
Irrigation......Page 26
1.4.4 Sludge Disposal......Page 27
The Final Process......Page 28
The Final Process......Page 29
1.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 35
Solids Content......Page 36
2.2.2 Organic Content......Page 37
Biochemical Oxygen Demand......Page 38
2.2.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus......Page 39
2.3 PRIMARY TREATMENT......Page 40
2.3.1 Screening......Page 41
2.3.2 Sedimentation......Page 42
2.3.3 Flow Equalization......Page 44
2.3.5 Flotation......Page 45
2.4 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT......Page 47
Activated Sludge Systems......Page 48
Aerated Lagoons......Page 51
Trickling Filters......Page 52
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)......Page 54
Digestion Systems......Page 55
Imhoff Tanks......Page 57
2.5.1 Coagulation/Flocculation......Page 58
2.5.2 Electrocoagulation......Page 59
Chlorination......Page 60
Ozonation......Page 61
2.6 LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER......Page 62
2.6.1 Loading Rates......Page 63
2.7 GENERAL SEAFOOD-PROCESSING PLANT SCHEMES......Page 64
2.8.2 Cost of Operation and Maintenance......Page 66
Estimation of Total Costs......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 70
3.1 THE MEAT INDUSTRY......Page 73
3.2.1 Waste Characteristics and Quantities Generated......Page 74
Wastewater Flow......Page 76
Wastewater Characteristics......Page 79
3.3 WASTEWATER MINIMIZATION......Page 81
3.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES......Page 83
Primary Treatment......Page 84
Physicochemical Secondary Treatment......Page 86
Biological Secondary Treatment......Page 87
3.4.2 Anaerobic Treatment......Page 88
Waste Stabilization Ponds......Page 91
Biological Filters......Page 93
Rotating Biological Contactors......Page 95
Activated Sludge......Page 96
3.5 SOLID WASTES......Page 98
3.5.1 Land Disposal......Page 99
3.5.2 Composting......Page 100
3.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
Sterilization......Page 107
Oil Clarification and Purification......Page 108
Nut Cracking......Page 109
Deodorization......Page 110
4.2.2 Biological Treatment......Page 111
Pretreatment......Page 112
Open Digester and Ponding Systems......Page 113
4.3 PALM OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT (PORE)......Page 115
4.3.1 Chemical Properties of PORE......Page 116
Evaporation Technology......Page 118
Compost......Page 119
Biological Hydrogen......Page 120
4.5 FUTURE TRENDS......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 122
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 124
5.2 OLIVE OIL MILL TECHNOLOGY......Page 125
5.3 OLIVE OIL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS......Page 127
Solution......Page 131
5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS......Page 132
5.4.3 Threat to Aquatic Life......Page 133
5.5 LIQUID WASTE TREATMENT METHODS......Page 134
5.5.1 Low-Cost Primitive Methods......Page 135
Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters in Municipal Plants......Page 137
Case Study......Page 140
Solution......Page 141
Principle of Anaerobic Fermentation......Page 143
Factors Affecting Anaerobic Process Operation......Page 144
Anaerobic Treatment Systems of Wastewater......Page 145
Case Studies......Page 148
Solution......Page 151
Treatment on Site......Page 153
Solution......Page 156
Solution......Page 157
Solution......Page 159
5.5.9 Wet Air Oxidation and Ozonation......Page 160
Principle of Wet Air Oxidation (WAO)......Page 161
Case Studies......Page 162
5.5.10 Fungal Treatment......Page 165
5.5.11 Decolorization......Page 166
Case Study......Page 167
5.5.12 Precipitation/Flocculation......Page 169
5.5.13 Adsorption......Page 170
5.5.14 Biofiltration and Ultrafiltration......Page 172
5.5.15 Evaporation/Drying......Page 174
5.5.16 Electrolysis......Page 175
Case Studies......Page 176
Case Study......Page 178
Significance of Submarine Outfalls......Page 179
Specific Pretreatments and Quality Limits......Page 180
Disposal of OME Through Submarine Outfalls......Page 181
5.6.1 Biotechnological Processes......Page 183
Principle of Fluidized/Moving Beds (Flumov)......Page 184
Case Studies......Page 185
Case Study......Page 188
5.6.4 Examples of Technologies and Treatments......Page 189
5.7 ECONOMY OF TREATMENT PROCESSES......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 193
6.2 POTATO PROCESSING AND SOURCES OF WASTEWATER......Page 198
Peeling......Page 199
Frozen French Fries......Page 200
Potato Starch......Page 202
6.3.1 Overview......Page 207
Sources of Wastewater [20]......Page 209
6.4 TREATMENT METHODS......Page 214
In-Plant Treatment......Page 215
Primary Treatment......Page 218
Equalization......Page 222
Secondary Treatment......Page 224
Case Studies......Page 230
Case Studies......Page 243
Advanced Treatment......Page 250
6.5.1 In-Plant Usage of Potato Scraps......Page 253
6.5.5 Cattle Feed......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 255
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 260
Caffeine......Page 261
Acids......Page 263
Inspection......Page 264
7.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR SOFT DRINK WASTEWATER......Page 265
7.4.1 Aerobic Suspended Growth Treatment Process......Page 266
7.5 ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 267
7.5.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor......Page 268
7.5.2 Anaerobic Filters......Page 270
7.5.3 Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 273
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 275
8.2.3 Wastewater......Page 277
8.3 BAKERY WASTE TREATMENT......Page 278
8.4.3 FOG Separation......Page 279
8.4.6 Sedimentation......Page 281
8.5 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT......Page 282
8.6.1 Activated Sludge Process......Page 283
8.6.2 Trickling Filter Process......Page 285
8.7 ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT......Page 286
8.8.3 VOC......Page 287
8.10.1 Concepts......Page 289
Assessment of Waste......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 292
9.2 STRUCTURAL POINT OF VIEW......Page 294
9.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Systems for Food Processing......Page 296
9.3.2 Effluent Guidelines and Standards for Food Processing......Page 297
9.4.1 Organic Residual Wastes......Page 298
Feedstuff Use......Page 300
9.4.2 Vessels, Containers, and Wrapping Wastes......Page 302
9.5.2 Accidentally Contaminated Food Wastes......Page 303
9.5.3 Incineration Ash of Food Wastes......Page 304
Bread Yeast......Page 306
Nucleotides......Page 307
Example of Comprehensive Fermentation Factory......Page 310
9.6.2 Agro-Industries in Tropical Countries......Page 312
9.6.3 UASB and EGSB Treatment Systems......Page 314
Composting......Page 316
9.7 CONCLUSION......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 320
