Waste Technology for Emerging Economies

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment
Editors
Contributors
Introduction
1 Waste Management Challenges in Developing Countries
1.1 Introduction: Current Status of Waste Management, A Look Back at the Developing Countries
1.2 Civic Awareness and Role in Waste Management
1.3 Organizational Capacity in Waste Management
1.4 Waste Management Flow: From the Generation of Waste and Collection to Recycling and Reduction
1.4.1 Generation of Waste
1.4.2 Waste Collection and Transportation
1.4.3 Waste Treatment and Disposal
1.4.4 Management Framework
1.5 Health and Environmental Factors
1.6 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Approaches
1.7 Future Directions in Enhancing the Capacity Development of Waste Management
1.8 Summary
References
2 Management of Medical Waste
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Improving Health Care Waste Management Culture and Capabilities
2.3 Point-Of-Origin Segregation of Health Care Waste
2.4 Incinerators
2.5 Autoclaves
2.6 Microwave
2.7 Chemical Disinfection
2.8 Gas Sterilization
2.9 Irradiation
2.10 Biological Inactivation
2.11 Alkaline Hydrolysis
2.12 Promession
2.13 Mechanical and Frictional Heat Treatment Systems
2.14 Burial
2.15 Conclusion
References
3 Management of E-Waste
3.1 Introduction
3.2 E-Waste Generation
3.3 Environmental and Health Hazards of E-Waste
3.3.1 Effects On Human Health
3.3.2 Effects On Soil Microorganisms
3.3.3 Effects On Aquatic Organisms
3.3.4 Effects On Plants
3.3.5 Effects On Groundwater Quality
3.4 Policies and Regulations for E-Waste Management
3.4.1 E-Waste (Management) Rules, India
3.5 E-Waste Management in Developing Countries
3.5.1 Macro Scale Management of E-Waste
3.5.1.1 Role of the Government
3.5.1.2 Role of the Consumers
3.5.1.3 Extended Producer Responsibility
3.5.2 Micro Scale Management of E-Waste
3.5.2.1 Pyro-Metallurgy
3.5.2.2 Hydrometallurgy
3.5.2.3 Biometallurgy
3.5.3 Meso Scale Management of E-Waste
3.5.3.1 Material Compatibility
3.5.3.2 Material Fatigue
3.5.3.3 Material Reclaiming
3.6 Major Challenges in Effective Management of E-Waste in Developing Countries
3.7 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
4 Management of Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Plastics
4.3 Sources and Pathways of Marine Plastics
4.4 Impacts and Fates of Microplastics
4.4.1 Ecological and Environmental Impact of Microplastics
4.4.2 Impact of Microplastics On Marine Organisms
4.4.3 Socioeconomic Impact of Marine Microplastics
4.5 Monitoring, Governance, and Policy Development Frameworks and Selection of Measures for Developing Countries
4.5.1 Policy Formulation
4.5.2 Major Policy Instrumentations
4.5.3 Governance and Policy
4.5.4 Policy Framework at the Regional and National Level
4.6 Monitoring
4.7 Legal Aspects On Controlling Marine Plastic Pollution
4.8 Mitigation and Management Approaches
4.8.1 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
4.8.2 Public–Private Partnership (PPPs, 3Ps)
4.8.3 Economic Instruments
4.8.4 Awareness and Capacity Building Campaigns
4.8.5 Citizen Science
4.8.6 Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling Methods
4.8.7 New Approaches and Methods of Treatments and Removal of Marine Plastics
4.8.7.1 Adsorption On Algae and Ingestion By Other Marine Organisms
4.8.7.2 Membrane Technology
4.8.7.3 Protein Engineering Technology
4.8.7.4 New Strain of Microorganisms
4.8.7.5 Metagenomics Approach
4.8.7.6 In-Silico Application
4.8.7.7 The Marine Plastic Footprint
4.9 Summary
References
5 Nanowaste Management
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is Nanowaste?
5.3 Sources of Nanomaterials/Nanowaste
5.4 Atmospheric Conversion
5.5 Industrial Setting
5.6 Distribution of Nanomaterials in Waste Streams
5.7 Common Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity of NPs
5.8 Methods of Nanowaste Management
5.9 Difficulties and Concerns About Nanowaste Management
5.10 Classification of Nanowaste
5.11 Risk Assessment Techniques and Approaches
5.11.1 Nanotechnology Risk Governance
5.11.2 Nano Risk Framework
5.12 Environmental Exposure Assessment Framework of Nanoparticles in Solid Nanowaste
5.12.1 Step 1: Quantification of Nanowaste Amount
5.12.2 Step 2: Evaluation of Matrix Properties and Nanowaste Treatment Processes
5.12.3 Step 3: Evaluation of the Nanostructures’ Physicochemical Properties
5.12.4 Step 4: Evaluation of Transformation Processes and Release of ENMs Into the Environment
5.12.5 Step 5: Assessment of Potential Exposure
5.13 Nanowaste Detection and Monitoring
5.14 Nanowaste Treatment Processing
5.15 Drawbacks of Nanowaste Treatment Methods
5.16 Potential Opportunities for the Recovery and Reuse of Nanowaste Technologies
5.17 Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology in Some Developing Countries
5.17.1 India
5.17.2 Pakistan
5.17.3 Brazil
5.18 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Zero Nanowaste
5.19 Summary
References
6 Microbiology of Wastewater Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Innovations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1 The Conventional Process of Wastewater Treatment
6.2.2 Biological Treatment Processes
6.2.2.1 Fixed Film Processes
6.2.2.2 Suspended Growth Processes
6.3 Strategic Wastewater Management
6.3.1 Integrated Fixed Film-Activated Sludge Process
6.3.2 Recombinant Bacteria in Biofilms
6.4 Challenges of Wastewater Treatment Methodology
6.4.1 Bioaerosols
6.4.2 Antibiotic Resistance Genes
6.5 Control of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Wastewater Recycling
6.6 Resource Recovery From Wastewater
6.7 Biofuel Production
6.7.1 Microbial Fuel Cells
6.8 Chapter Summary
References
7 Phytoremediation: A Green Tool to Manage Waste
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Waste Accumulation and Generation in Developing Countries
7.3 Available Phytoremediation Methods Used to Solve Waste Accumulation and Generation
7.4 Waste Categories Managed By Phytoremediation
7.4.1 Soil Polluted By Heavy Metals
7.4.2 Municipal Discharges and Industrial Discharges
7.4.3 Leachate Contamination From Landfill Sites
7.5 Successfulness and Failures of These Methods
7.6 Phytoremediation Techniques
7.6.1 Electrokinetic (EK) Phytoremediation Approach
7.6.2 Bioaugmentation With Phytoremediation Approach
7.6.3 Synergistic Biosorption With Phytoremediation Approach
7.6.4 Enhancing Plants for Metal Transport, Transformation, Volatilization Within the Plant and Tolerance to Toxicity
7.7 Advantages of Phytoremediation Techniques
7.8 Disadvantages of Phytoremediation Techniques
7.9 Policies Created With Phytoremediation in Developing Countries
7.10 Chapter Summary
References
8 Green Chemistry and Its Applications in Waste Management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Green Chemistry: Historical Background
8.3 Amalgamation of Waste With Green Chemistry
8.4 Convergence of Solid Waste With Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
8.5 Green Route of Waste-Derived Industrial Ecology
8.6 Green Synthesis of Waste-Derived Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Applications
8.7 Chapter Summary
Acknowledgments
References
9 Bioenergy and Biofuels From Wastes: Perspectives From Developing Nations
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Energy Recovery From Biological Wastes: Perspectives From the Developing World
9.1.2 Agricultural and Forestry Residue for Bioenergy Generation
9.1.3 Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass Into Liquid Biofuels
9.2 Fuel Ethanol Production in the Developing World
9.3 Chinese Fuel Ethanol Program
9.4 Solventogenic Fermentations for Liquid Biofuels Production
9.5 Anaerobic Conversion of High Organic Strength Wastewater and Waste Material Into Bioenergy
9.6 Municipal Solid Waste Management and Bioenergy Generation
9.7 Waste Cooking Oil in Biodiesel Production
9.8 Invasive Plant Biomass in Developing Nations as Feedstock for Biofuels
9.8.1 Why Use “Invasive Plants” as Feedstock for Biofuels?
9.8.2 Invasive Plants as Biomass for Bioenergy Generation From the Developed World
9.8.3 Invasive Plants as Biomass for Bioenergy Generation From the Developing World
9.9 Ecological and Land-Use Aspects of Waste to Bioenergy Process in the Developing World
9.9.1 Land-Use Crisis in the Developing World and Its Implications for Biofuel Production
9.9.2 Ecological Benefits and Concerns in the Waste to Bioenergy Process
9.9.3 Challenges and Implications of Biofuels Policy in the Developing World
References
10 Upcycling: A New Perspective On Waste Management in a Circular Economy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Adding Value Through Design and Creativity
10.2.1 Value Retention Through Circular Economy
10.2.2 Upcycling
10.3 Upcycling Process
10.3.1 Process Flow
10.3.2 Critical Steps to Consider in the Upcycling Process
10.3.2.1 Material Flow Analysis and Sorting
10.3.2.2 Design Development and Material Processing
10.3.2.3 Product Development
10.3.2.4 Business Development
10.4 Recreating Value-Added Products From Waste
10.4.1 Plastics
10.4.2 Textiles
10.4.3 Rubber Products
10.4.4 Paper and Cardboard
10.4.5 Wood and Timber
10.4.6 Glass
10.4.7 Metal Products
10.5 Case Study: The Waste for Life Sri Lanka Project
10.5.1 Australia–Sri Lanka University Partnerships to Develop Community-Based Waste Upcycling Businesses in Sri Lanka
10.5.2 Needs Assessment and the Feasibility Studies
10.5.2.1 Contextual Analysis
10.5.2.2 Stakeholder Analysis
10.5.2.3 Technical Feasibility
10.5.2.4 Operational Feasibility
10.5.2.5 Schedule Feasibility
10.5.2.6 Market Feasibility
10.5.2.7 Needs Assessment
10.5.3 Setting Up Design Centers
10.5.4 Technology and Machinery
10.5.5 Community Projects
10.5.5.1 Yaal Fibre
10.5.5.2 Katana Upcycle
10.5.6 Market Analysis
10.5.7 Challenges
10.5.7.1 Socioeconomic Inhibitors
10.5.7.2 Technical Inhibitors
10.5.7.3 Environmental Inhibitors
10.5.7.4 Financial and Economic Aspects
10.5.7.5 Political and Legal Aspects
10.6 Moving Beyond Circularity
10.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Index