Waste Management in Developing Countries

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Waste Generation, Characteristics, and Collection in Developing Countries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Municipal Waste Production and Characterization
1.2.1 Waste Generation
1.2.1.1 Role of Waste Data
1.2.1.2 Importance of Waste Amounts Quantification
1.2.2 Waste Characterization and Composition
1.3 Municipal Waste Transport and Collection
1.3.1 Waste Collection
1.3.2 Waste Transport
1.4 Municipal WM in DC
1.4.1 Case Studies
1.4.2 Negative and Positive Impacts of WM Strategies
1.5 Wastes as a Source of Income
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Landfill Disposal in Developing Countries
2.1 Waste Management Hierarchy, Circular Economy, and 3S Concept
2.2 The Sustainable Landfilling
2.2.1 The Bioreactor Landfill
2.2.1.1 Anaerobic Landfill
2.2.1.2 Aerated Landfill (On-Site Aeration)
2.2.1.3 Semi-aerobic Landfill (The “Fukuoka Method”)
2.2.1.4 Hybrid
2.2.2 The Barrier System
2.3 Landfill Models in DCS
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Application of the WROSE Model for Promoting Effective Decision-Making and Sustained Climate Change Stabilization in the South African Waste Sector
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Waste Management in South Africa
3.3 Waste Management Models and Decision-Support Tools
3.3.1 The Waste to Resource Optimization and Scenario Evaluation Model (WROSE)
3.4 Methodology
3.4.1 Data Collection and Analysis: Waste Statistics and Socioeconomic Drivers
3.4.2 Waste Generation
3.4.3 Carbon Emissions/Reduction Assessment
3.4.4 Landfill Space Saving and Waste Diversion Rate
3.5 Case Study: South African Metropolitan Municipalities
3.5.1 Focus on the eThekwini Municipality – KwaZulu-Natal Province
3.6 Results and Discussions
3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 4: Efficiency of Leachate Treatment Costs in Latin America
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Environmental Impacts Associated to a Shift from Open Dumps to Landfills
4.3 Leachate Treatment Objectives and Associate Costs
4.4 Cost Efficiency in Leachate Treatment
4.5 Technology Selection to Achieve Cost-Efficient Leachate Treatment Costs
4.6 Cases of Study
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Optimized Organic Waste Management Strategies for Sustained Carbon Emissions Reduction and Climate Change Stabilization in the Garden Route District of South Africa
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Methodology
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research
References
Chapter 6: Waste Management Institutional and Legislation Aspects in Developing Countries
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Regulation and Governance Needed Towards an Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM)
6.2.1 Key Legal Principle
6.2.1.1 The Waste Management Hierarchy
6.2.1.2 The Polluter Pays Principle
6.2.1.3 The Extended Producer Responsibility Principle
6.2.1.4 The Municipal Competences
6.2.2 Economic Instruments
6.2.3 Social Instruments
6.2.4 Governance
6.3 Gaps in Developing Nations: Lack of Data
6.3.1 Lack of Municipal Autonomy
6.3.2 Lack of Financing
6.3.3 Uncompleted Waste Legislation
6.3.4 Lack of Public Awareness: Need to Educate People
6.4 Tentative of Tailored Solutions at Short-Mid Term
6.4.1 E-Waste Management in DC
6.4.1.1 Waste Impacts on Human Health and Environment: India and China Example
6.4.1.2 E-Waste in DC Disposed in Landfill: E-Waste Export Banned Recently
6.4.1.3 E-Waste Legislation in India
6.4.2 Plastic Waste Management in DC
6.5 Proposed Solution for Improvement of Waste Management Legislation
6.6 Waste Management Legislative Aspect: Study Case of Morocco
6.6.1 Management of Solid Waste in Morocco
6.6.2 Moroccan Legislation on Waste Disposal
6.6.2.1 Regulation of Waste Management and Disposal Under Law No. 28-00
6.6.2.2 The Decrees of Law 28-00
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: The Waste Informal Sector Impact in Mena Region
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Informal Sector in the MENA Region’s Urban Waste Management System
7.2.1 Waste Management Policies
7.2.2 Collection System Context
7.2.3 The Relationship Between the Informal and Formal Sector
7.3 Waste Management: A Multitude of Actors
7.3.1 Increasingly Privatized Solid Waste Management
7.3.2 Laws Governing the Collection and Disposal of Waste in Morocco
7.3.3 Informal Waste Actors in Morocco
7.3.4 Laws Governing the Collection and Disposal of Waste in Algeria
7.3.5 Institutions Responsible for Waste Collection and Disposal
7.3.5.1 Informal Waste Actors in Algeria
7.3.5.2 Laws Governing the Collection and Disposal of Waste in Tunisia
7.3.6 Institutions Responsible for Waste Collection and Disposal
7.3.7 The Eco-Lef Plastic Sector
7.3.8 Informal Waste Actors in Tunisia
7.4 The Integration of Informal Waste Sector
7.4.1 Role and Benefits of IWS Integration
7.4.2 Barriers Affecting the Formalization of IWS
7.4.3 Towards a Success of IWS Integration
7.4.4 IWS Formalization Countries Experiences
References
Chapter 8: Max-Neef’s Fundamental Human Needs as Social Indicators for Sustainability: Examples of Waste Management in South Africa
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Social Indicators of Sustainability
8.3 Max-Neef and Human Scale Development
8.3.1 On Needs and Satisfiers
8.4 Waste Management in South Africa
8.5 Research Setting
8.6 Data Collection
8.7 Fieldworkers: Students and Residents
8.8 Ethical Considerations
8.9 Illustrating the FHNs as Social Indicators
8.9.1 Indicator 1: Subsistence
8.9.1.1 Definition
8.9.1.2 Example
8.9.1.3 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.2 Indicator 2: Affection
8.9.2.1 Definition
8.9.2.2 Example
8.9.2.3 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.3 Indicator 3: Participation
8.9.3.1 Definition
8.9.3.2 Example
8.9.3.3 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.4 Indicator 4: Creation
8.9.4.1 Definition
8.9.4.2 Example
8.9.4.3 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.5 Indicator 5: Understanding
8.9.5.1 Example
8.9.5.2 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.6 Indicator 6: Idleness
8.9.6.1 Definition
8.9.6.2 Example
8.9.6.3 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.7 Indicator 7: Protection
8.9.7.1 Example
8.9.7.2 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.8 Indicator 8: Freedom
8.9.8.1 Definition
8.9.8.2 Example
8.9.8.3 Application of Satisfiers
8.9.9 Indicator 9: Identity
8.9.9.1 Example
8.9.9.2 Application of Satisfiers
8.10 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Urban Mining and Circular Economy in South Africa: Waste as a Resource for New Generation of Hybrid Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Case of South Africa
9.3 Municipal Solid Waste (Glass)
9.4 Waste Tyres
9.4.1 Compression Strength Test
9.4.2 Splitting Tensile Test
9.4.3 Flexural Test
9.5 Paper Mill Sludge (PMS)
9.5.1 Compressive Strength
9.5.2 Splitting Tensile Strength
9.5.3 Flexural Strength (Beam Test)
9.6 Food Waste
9.6.1 Experimental Investigation and Discussion
9.7 Viability of the Waste Resource from the Different Waste Streams for Bricks
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Composting: An Alternative with Marked Potential for Organic Waste Management
10.1 Description of Composting Process and Technology
10.2 Implementation Status of Composting in Developed Countries
10.3 Implementation Status of Composting in Developing Countries
10.4 Residual Substrates for Organic Waste Composting
10.4.1 Urban Solid Waste
10.4.2 Agro-Industrial and Fishery Waste
10.4.3 Food Waste
10.5 Potential Improvements in the Composting Process
10.5.1 Co-composting
10.5.2 Technological Innovation
10.6 Strategies for Composting Development in Developing Countries: Africa, South America, and Asia
10.6.1 Africa
10.6.2 Asia
10.6.3 South America
10.7 State of Legal Regulations on Compost Quality and Its Application
References
Chapter 11: Appropriate Biochemical Conversion Technology for Organic Waste Recovery in Developing Countries
11.1 The Biochemical Biomass Conversion Technologies
11.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass
11.1.1.1 The Stages of Anaerobic Digestion
11.1.1.2 Operating Conditions for Anaerobic Digestion
11.1.1.3 First-Generation Bioethanol Production
11.1.1.4 Second-Generation Bioethanol Production
11.1.2 Sustainability of Second-Generation Bioethanol Production
11.2 Organic Waste Management and Recovery in Developing Countries
11.2.1 Appropriate Biogas Technology for Developing Countries
11.2.1.1 Fixed Dome
11.2.1.2 Floating Cover
11.2.1.3 Balloon Biodigester
11.2.2 Rural Biogas and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries
11.2.2.1 Effect of Biogas on the Developing Countries
11.2.2.2 Recommendations to Promote Biogas Technology in Developing Countries
11.3 Main Obstacles to Overcome for Biogas Technology Promotion
11.3.1 Financial and Economic Barriers
11.3.2 Institutional Barriers
11.3.3 Technical Barriers
11.3.4 Sociocultural Barriers
11.3.5 Market Barriers
11.3.6 Environmental Barriers
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Suitable Thermochemical Conversion Technology for Organic Waste Recovery in Developing Countries
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Organic Wastes Characterization
12.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Biomass
12.2.1.1 Physical Characteristics
12.2.1.2 Chemical Characteristics
Ultimate Analysis
Proximate Analysis
12.2.2 Types of Biomasses
12.3 Gasification and Pyrolysis
12.3.1 Gasification
12.3.2 Fixed Bed Gasifiers
12.3.3 Bubbling and Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifiers
12.3.4 Gasification Process
12.3.5 Gasification Modeling
12.4 Biomass Combustion
12.4.1 Principle of Biomass Combustion
12.4.2 Used Technologies
12.4.3 Technical Issues Related to Biomass Combustion
12.4.3.1 Formation of Bottom Ash
12.4.3.2 Fouling of Heat Exchange Zones
12.4.3.3 Corrosion
12.4.4 Biomass Combustion: CNRS-ICARE Boiler
12.4.4.1 Experimental Setup
12.4.4.2 Combustion of Olive Pomace
12.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
12.5.1 General Concept
12.5.2 Potential Hydrochar Applications
12.5.2.1 Solid Fuel Application
12.5.2.2 Activated Carbon Application
12.5.2.3 Soil Amendment
12.5.2.4 The Process Water (PW)
12.5.3 HTC Process
12.6 Characterization of Gaseous Products Evolved from Biomass Fuels During Thermochemical Conversion Using TGA-μGC
12.6.1 Introduction
12.6.2 Theory and Operating Principles of TGA and Simultaneous Evolved Gas Analysis
12.6.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis
12.6.2.2 Simultaneous Thermogravimetric and Micro-Gas Chromatography (TGA-μGC) Analysis
12.6.3 Case Study
12.6.4 Summary
References
Index