Warfare and Society: Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
1. Warfare and Society: Archaeological and Social Anthropological Perspectives......Page 9
The research team......Page 10
Visiting scholars......Page 11
The individual projects......Page 13
Project outcome – an outline......Page 14
New problems and questions......Page 17
About this book......Page 18
NOTE......Page 19
Warfare and Society. Conceptions of Warfare in Western Thought and Research......Page 21
2. Conceptions of Warfare in Western Thought and Research: An Introduction......Page 23
The idea of morally justified war......Page 24
The origin and evolution of war......Page 25
Conceptions of warfare and present-day research......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 28
From violence to sociality......Page 29
Society as biology or society as culture?......Page 31
Anthropology held captive by homo duplex......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 35
Western philosophy of war: 1000 BC-1900 AD......Page 37
Origins and development of European concepts of warfare......Page 38
Rousseau to Hegel......Page 39
War as policy and the just war......Page 40
The origins of western war: the Near East and the Mediterranean......Page 41
Influences on western philosophy: Homer, the Bible and history......Page 44
The American way of war from the mid- 20th century......Page 46
Total 'limited' war......Page 47
Moral warfare......Page 49
The nature of war......Page 50
A note on archaeological views of warfare......Page 52
Conclusions......Page 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 54
5. Archaeology and War: Presentations of Warriors and Peasants in Archaeological Interpretations......Page 57
Warriors, but little war......Page 59
Peaceful peasants......Page 63
Chiefly warriors, and more war......Page 64
Commemorative myths......Page 65
Anthropology, archaeology and war......Page 66
Towards an archaeology of warfare and warriors......Page 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 70
6. ‘Total War’ and the Ethnography of New Guinea......Page 75
On 'savage war', and the war of ethnographies of the gift......Page 77
The 'total war' before the return to the war of the gift......Page 80
Conclusion: possible futures......Page 84
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 86
Introduction......Page 89
A framework for the analysis of war and social change......Page 90
Conclusion......Page 100
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 101
Warfare and pre-State Societies......Page 103
Research and stereotypic pre-understandings......Page 105
Questions and recent approaches......Page 106
War and social change......Page 107
War, tribes and states......Page 109
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 111
9. War and Peace in Societies without Central Power: Theories and Perspectives......Page 113
2. War, conflict, feud and violence......Page 114
3. Five theories of tribal warfare......Page 115
4. War as a strategic interaction between groups in an anarchic environment......Page 120
5. Pacification......Page 127
6. Peace......Page 129
7. Summary and outlook......Page 131
NOTES......Page 132
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 134
10. Fighting and Feuding in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain and Ireland......Page 141
Early Neolithic......Page 144
Later Neolithic......Page 150
Earlier Bronze Age......Page 153
Later Bronze Age......Page 155
Conclusion......Page 158
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 159
11. The Impact of Egalitarian Institutions on Warfare among the Enga: An Ethnohistorical Perspective......Page 167
Background......Page 168
The impact of egalitarian institutions on Enga warfare and exchange......Page 170
Enga warfare from c. 1940-1990......Page 173
An historical perspective on Enga warfare......Page 175
Wars prior to the eighth generation......Page 176
Wars of the 7th to 6th generation......Page 177
War in the 5th-4th generations......Page 178
The Great Ceremonial Wars......Page 180
Concluding remarks......Page 182
NOTES......Page 183
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 184
Warfare in Melanesia and Manus......Page 187
Manus at the time of colonisation (1885)......Page 188
Exchange and networks......Page 189
Precolonial warfare......Page 191
Stories about leadership and war......Page 193
Warfare, exchange, and areal integration......Page 196
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 198
13. Warfare and Colonialism in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea......Page 201
Museum collections and colonial histories......Page 204
Conclusions......Page 207
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 208
Warfare and the State......Page 209
14. Warfare and the State: An Introduction......Page 211
The concept......Page 212
Africa......Page 213
The Pacific......Page 214
Protohistoric Europe......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 216
On the definition of war......Page 217
Pre-state conflict......Page 218
On the connection between war and state formation......Page 219
Reasons for war and conflict......Page 222
Emergence of states with or without war......Page 223
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 225
The subject: the background......Page 227
War......Page 229
The historical phases......Page 230
The rules of the war lords and war(rior) band warfare......Page 233
Pattern of interpretation......Page 234
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 236
17. Chiefs Made War and War Made States? War and Early State Formation in Ancient Fiji and Hawaii......Page 237
War and state formation......Page 238
The role of war......Page 239
War and conquest in Fiji in the early 19th century......Page 242
The wars......Page 244
The power of chiefs......Page 245
Conquest and social change in Fiji......Page 247
War and conquest in Hawaii in the late 18th century......Page 248
The wars......Page 249
Warring chiefs of Hawaii......Page 251
War and conquest in Fiji and Hawaii......Page 253
'...and war made state'?......Page 255
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 257
Introduction: relating warfare, politics, and culture......Page 261
Violence and African political culture......Page 262
The state in Africa......Page 263
Diversity......Page 264
'Cultures of violence' as an outcome of warfare......Page 265
The example of southern Ethiopia......Page 266
Conclusions......Page 268
NOTES......Page 269
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 270
Warfare, Rituals, and Mass Graves......Page 273
19. Warfare, Rituals, and Mass Graves: An Introduction......Page 275
Revenge......Page 276
Forensic analysis of traumata......Page 277
Context of violence......Page 278
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 280
20. Semiologies of Subjugation: The Ritualisation of War-Prisoners in Later European Antiquity......Page 281
Conceptualising the defeated......Page 282
Imaging the captured: a comparative case- study from the Nile Valley......Page 284
Bound bodies......Page 285
Manacles and chain-gangs: the material culture of restraint......Page 290
Iconographies of humiliation......Page 293
War, sacrifice, and status......Page 296
Heads and arms: decapitation, trophy- taking, and insult......Page 298
Conclusion......Page 301
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 302
Human burials......Page 305
The mass grave from Sandbjerget in Næstved......Page 307
The number of victims......Page 309
Age......Page 310
Stature......Page 311
Lesions......Page 312
Conclusion......Page 316
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 318
Introduction......Page 319
Violence as structuring principle......Page 320
Archaeological evidence of violence and battle......Page 321
A case study from Norway......Page 322
Ritual and violence – an alternative social structure......Page 325
The result of trade and war......Page 327
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 328
The discovery of the site......Page 331
The context......Page 334
The environment......Page 335
The significance of the site......Page 336
Conclusions......Page 338
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 339
24. Funerary Rituals and Warfare in the Early Bronze Age Nitra Culture of Slovakia and Moravia......Page 341
Settlement structure......Page 342
Economy......Page 344
Burial customs and funerary rituals......Page 346
Warriors and their social organisation......Page 348
Weaponry......Page 360
Trauma......Page 364
Warfare and social change......Page 370
Epilogue: a forensic study of war-related ritual killings in the Early Bronze Age......Page 372
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 381
Warfare, Discourse, and Identity......Page 383
25. Warfare, Discourse, and Identity: An Introduction......Page 385
Material discourse and the discovery of warrior identities......Page 386
Narratives and the persistence of warrior identities......Page 387
Discourse and agency......Page 388
Discourse and the practice of everyday life......Page 389
Conclusion......Page 390
REFERENCES......Page 391
Introductory notes......Page 393
Theorising warriors......Page 395
Searching for early warriors......Page 404
Corded Ware warriorhood......Page 410
Conclusion: Bell Beakers and beyond......Page 417
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 419
27. From Gilgamesh to Terminator: The Warrior as Masculine Ideal – Historical and Contemporary Perspectives......Page 423
Long-term trends in the commemoration of warriorhood......Page 424
The World Wars and warriorhood......Page 425
Vietnam and the recreation of war mythology......Page 426
Contemporary trends......Page 427
Revival of warriorhood and violent masculinities in the Balkans......Page 428
Sport, violence, and manliness......Page 429
Concluding remarks......Page 430
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 431
Village snapshots: failed rendezvous after violent displacement......Page 433
Explaining post-Yugoslav nationalisms: WWII trauma and media?......Page 435
La vita é not so bella: agency and pessimism......Page 436
Powerlessness, silence, and self-protection......Page 437
Linking subjectivity to 'politics'......Page 438
Nationalism, structure, and agency: making room for pessimism......Page 442
NOTES......Page 444
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 445
29. Violence and Identification in a Bosnian Town: An Empirical Critique of Structural Theories of Violence......Page 447
Muslim national identity in Bosnia Herzegovina......Page 449
Bosnian Muslim identity in everyday practice......Page 450
Muslim identifications......Page 452
Discussion......Page 464
NOTES......Page 465
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 466
30. War as Field and Site: Anthropologists, Archaeologists, and the Violence of Maya Cultural Continuities......Page 469
Experiencing and establishing continuities......Page 471
War.........Page 472
...and cosmology......Page 473
... and ethnic resurgence......Page 475
Conclusion......Page 477
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 478
Warfare, Weaponry, and Material Culture......Page 481
Archaeology and material culture......Page 483
Weaponry......Page 484
Skeletal trauma......Page 487
Iconographic presentations in art and rituals......Page 488
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 489
32. Swords and Other Weapons in the Nordic Bronze Age: Technology, Treatment, and Contexts......Page 491
Traumata......Page 492
Axes......Page 493
Sword production......Page 494
Treatment......Page 495
Deposition......Page 498
Hoards......Page 499
Contexts......Page 500
Conclusion......Page 501
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 502
Early Bronze Age: bow- and- arrow, dagger, halberd......Page 505
Middle and Late Bronze Age: sword and spear......Page 507
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 511
34. Warfare and Gender According to Homer: An Archaeology of an Aristocratic Warrior Culture......Page 515
Homer as an analogous social context......Page 516
Ideology and social organisation in Homeric society......Page 518
Material culture and society in Homer......Page 519
War and aristocratic warriors in Homeric Society......Page 520
Odysseus and Penelope: gender in Homer......Page 522
Homeric society......Page 524
Concluding reflections on ideology and action......Page 525
Acknowledgement......Page 526
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 527
Index......Page 529