As an introduction to principles of evolution, this paperback text is ideally suited as a main text for general evolution or as a supplement for general biology, genetics, zoology, botany, anthropology or any life science course that utilizes evolution as the underlying theme.
Author(s): Peter A. Rosenbaum
Edition: 7
Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 303
Tags: Биологические дисциплины;Теория эволюции;
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
Prologue: Evidence for Evolution......Page 14
CHAPTER 1 VARIATION IN POPULATIONS......Page 22
Environmental Modifications......Page 24
Lamarckism......Page 26
Heritable Variation......Page 28
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning......Page 30
CHAPTER 2 DARWINIAN SCHEME OF EVOLUTION......Page 33
Mechanism of Evolution......Page 36
Darwin’s Natural Selection......Page 38
Evolution Defined......Page 42
CHAPTER 3 HERITABLE VARIATION......Page 44
Mendel’s Principle of Segregation......Page 45
Application of Mendelian Principles......Page 48
Chromosomal Basis of Heredity......Page 49
Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 52
Mendel and the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity......Page 56
Three or More Gene Pairs......Page 57
Significance of Genetic Recombination......Page 59
Linkage and Crossing Over......Page 61
Causes of Mutation......Page 64
Chemical Nature of the Gene......Page 66
Replication of DNA......Page 70
Language of Life......Page 71
Transcription of DNA......Page 74
Frequency of Mutations in Human Disorders......Page 76
Evolutionary Consequences of Mutations......Page 78
Chromosomal Aberrations and Pregnancy Loss......Page 79
Mendelian Inheritance......Page 82
Random Mating......Page 83
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium......Page 85
Estimating the Frequency of Heterozygotes......Page 86
Implications......Page 87
Selection Against Recessive Defects......Page 88
Interplay of Mutation and Selection......Page 91
Partial Selection......Page 92
Selection Against Dominant Defects......Page 94
Genetic Load in Human Populations......Page 96
General Effects of Selection......Page 97
Natural Selection and Pregnancy Loss......Page 98
Sexual Selection......Page 99
Industrial Melanism......Page 103
Cancer Cell Heterogeneity......Page 105
Selection for Resistance......Page 106
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance......Page 108
Recombinant DNA......Page 110
Prudent Use of Antibiotics......Page 112
Evolutionary Implications......Page 113
Sickle-Cell Anemia......Page 115
Sickle-Cell Hemoglobin......Page 116
Theory of Balanced Polymorphism......Page 118
Superiority of the Heterozygotes......Page 121
Relaxed Selection......Page 122
Tay-Sachs Disease......Page 123
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 124
Selection Against the Heterozygote......Page 125
The Control of Rh Disease......Page 129
Implications of Balanced Polymorphism......Page 130
Role of Genetic Drift......Page 131
Theory of Genetic Drift......Page 133
Founder Effect......Page 134
Religious Isolates......Page 135
Amish of Pennsylvania......Page 137
Consanguinity and Genetic Drift......Page 138
Gene Flow......Page 139
European Genes in African Americans......Page 140
Variation Between Populations......Page 143
Subspecies......Page 144
The Species Concept......Page 146
Formation of Species......Page 147
Nomenclature......Page 149
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms......Page 150
Origin of Isolating Mechanisms......Page 152
Microevolution and Macroevolution......Page 153
Punctuated Equilibrium......Page 154
Polyploidy in Nature......Page 156
Wheat......Page 159
Mechanism of Speciation of Polyploidy......Page 160
Experimental Verification......Page 162
Galápagos Islands......Page 163
Darwin’s Finches......Page 165
Factors in Diversification......Page 166
Coexistence......Page 169
Classification......Page 171
Transition to Land......Page 173
Conquest of Land......Page 176
Adaptive Radiation of Reptiles......Page 180
Extinction and Replacement......Page 184
CHAPTER 14 ORIGIN OF LIFE......Page 187
Primitive Earth......Page 188
Experimental Synthesis of Organic Compounds......Page 189
Life’s Beginnings......Page 190
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells......Page 193
Organelles and Evolution......Page 195
Classification of Organisms......Page 197
Deep-sea Vents......Page 200
Extraterrestrial Origins......Page 201
Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution......Page 203
Cytochrome c......Page 204
Molecular Clock......Page 205
Gene Duplication......Page 206
Evolutionary History of Hemoglobin......Page 208
Pseudogenes......Page 209
Homeotic Genes......Page 210
Ocular Malformations and Evolution......Page 213
Multilegged Frogs Revisited......Page 214
Mitochondrial Eve......Page 215
Y-Chromosome Adam......Page 216
CHAPTER 16 HISTORY OF LIFE......Page 218
Geologic Ages......Page 219
Fossil Record of Plants......Page 221
Fossil Record of Animals......Page 222
Convergence......Page 224
Evolutionary Stability......Page 228
Mass Extinction......Page 229
Holocene Extinction......Page 230
Primate Radiation......Page 235
Forerunners of the Great Apes......Page 238
Early Hominoids......Page 239
Australopithecines: The First Hominids......Page 242
Gathering-Hunting Way of Life......Page 246
Homo Erectus: The Explorer......Page 247
Evolution of Human Society......Page 249
Status of the Neanderthals......Page 251
Modern Humans: The Cro-Magnons......Page 252
Origin of Modern Humans......Page 253
Genomes of the Chimpanzees and Humans......Page 254
Group Selection......Page 258
Kin Selection......Page 259
Kin Selection in Humans......Page 261
Reciprocal Altruism......Page 263
Parental Reproductive Strategies......Page 264
Memes......Page 266
Cultural Evolution......Page 267
EPILOGUE: THE CRUCIBLE OF EVOLUTION......Page 269
Scientific Literacy......Page 271
Darwin in the Courts......Page 272
Closing Commentary......Page 275
Glossary......Page 277
Index......Page 292
