A volcanic eruption occurs when a magma-filled fracture propagates from its source to the surface. Analysing and understanding the conditions that allow this to happen constitute a major part of the scientific field of volcanotectonics. This new volume introduces this cutting-edge and interdisciplinary topic in volcanological research, which incorporates principles and methods from structural geology, tectonics, volcano-deformation studies, physical volcanology, seismology, and physics. It explains and illustrates the physical processes that operate inside volcanoes and which control the frequencies, locations, durations, and sizes of volcanic eruptions. Featuring a clear theoretical framework and helpful summary descriptions of various volcanic structures and products, as well as many worked examples and exercises, this book is an ideal resource for students, researchers and practitioners seeking an understanding of the processes that give rise to volcanic deformation, earthquakes, and eruptions.
Author(s): Agust Gudmundsson
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 598
City: Cambridge
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
1.1 Aims
1.2 Definition of a Volcano
1.3 Volcanotectonics – the Scope and Aims
1.4 Structural-Geology Techniques and Definitions
1.5 Geophysical Techniques and Definitions
1.6 Interpreting the Data
1.7 Summary
1.8 Main Symbols Used
1.9 Worked Examples
1.10 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
2 Volcanotectonic Structures
2.1 Aims
2.2 Field Observations and Measurements
2.3 Basic Data Analysis and Presentation
2.4 General Shape
2.5 Segmentation and Linkage
2.6 Tips (Ends)
2.7 Direction of Propagation and Magma Flow
2.8 Feeder-Dikes and Non-Feeders
2.9 Sills
2.10 Summary
2.11 Worked Examples
2.12 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
3 Volcanotectonic Deformation
3.1 Aims
3.2 Basic Definitions and Data
3.3 Stress, Strain, and Elasticity
3.4 Magma Chambers as Nuclei of Strain – the Mogi Model
3.5 Magma Chambers as Cavities – Analytical Models
3.6 Magma Chambers as Cavities – Numerical Models
3.7 Magma Chambers as Cavities – Analogue Models
3.8 Stress and Deformation Associated with Dikes and Sheets
3.9 Summary
3.10 Main Symbols Used
3.11 Worked Examples
3.12 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
4 Volcanic Earthquakes
4.1 Aims
4.2 Seismic Waves
4.3 Hypocentre, Epicentre, and Focal Mechanism
4.4 Earthquake Moments and Magnitudes
4.5 High-Frequency Earthquakes
4.6 Low-Frequency Earthquakes
4.7 Explosion Earthquakes
4.8 Volcanic Tremors
4.9 Earthquakes Triggering of Volcanic Eruptions
4.10 Seismic Monitoring
4.11 Summary
4.12 Main Symbols Used
4.13 Worked Examples
4.14 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
5 Volcanotectonic Processes
5.1 Aims
5.2 Magma-Chamber Initiation
5.3 Magma-Chamber Rupture and Dike Injection
5.4 Dike Emplacement
5.5 Sill Emplacement
5.6 Laccolith Emplacement
5.7 Vertical Collapses (Caldera Collapses)
5.8 Lateral/Sector Collapses (Landslides)
5.9 Summary
5.10 Main Symbols Used
5.11 Worked Examples
5.12 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
6 Formation and Dynamics of Magma Chambers and Reservoirs
6.1 Aims
6.2 Formation of Deep-Seated Reservoirs
6.3 Magma Migration in Deep-Seated Reservoirs
6.4 Formation of Double Magma Chambers
6.5 Dynamics of Shallow Magma Chambers
6.6 Dynamics of Deep-Seated Magma Reservoirs
6.7 Dynamics of Double Magma Chambers
6.8 Detecting Magma Chambers and Reservoirs
6.9 Summary
6.10 Main Symbols Used
6.11 Worked Examples
6.12 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
7 Magma Movement through the Crust: Dike Paths
7.1 Aims
7.2 Dike Initiation
7.3 Dike-Propagation Paths
7.4 Dike Arrest
7.5 Surface Effects of Dikes
7.6 Fissure Eruption
7.7 Heat Transfer and Magma Solidification
7.8 Summary
7.9 Main Symbols Used
7.10 Worked Examples
7.11 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
8 Dynamics of Volcanic Eruptions
8.1 Aims
8.2 Eruption Sizes and Frequencies
8.3 Magma Transport to the Surface
8.4 Duration of Eruptions
8.5 Large Explosive Eruptions
8.6 Large Effusive Eruptions
8.7 Summary
8.8 Main Symbols Used
8.9 Worked Examples
8.10 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
9 Formation and Evolution of Volcanoes
9.1 Aims
9.2 Why Are There Any Volcanic Edifices?
9.3 Intrusion and Eruption Frequencies of Central Volcanoes
9.4 Shape (Geometry) of a Volcano
9.5 Internal Structure of a Volcano
9.6 Extinction of Volcanoes
9.7 Summary
9.8 Main Symbols Used
9.9 Worked Examples
9.10 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
10 Understanding Unrest and Forecasting Eruptions
10.1 Aims
10.2 Volcanic Unrest
10.3 Depth, Form, and Function of Magma Chambers
10.4 Magma-Chamber Rupture
10.5 Dike Propagation
10.6 Dike-Induced Deformation
10.7 Forecasting Large Eruptions
10.8 Preventing Large Eruptions
10.9 Summary
10.10 Main Symbols Used
10.11 Worked Examples
10.12 Exercises
References and Suggested Reading
Appendix A. Units, Dimensions, and Prefixes
A.1 SI Base Units
A.2 Derived SI Units of Some Quantities
A.3 SI Prefixes
Appendix B. The Greek Alphabet
Appendix C. Some Mathematical and Physical Constants
Appendix D. Elastic Constants
D.1 Typical Young’s Moduli and Poisson’s Ratios
D.2 Relations among the Elastic Constants for Isotropic Rock
Appendix E. Properties of Some Crustal Materials
E.1 Rock Densities, Strengths, and Internal Friction
E.2 General Rock and Fluid Properties
Appendix F. Physical Properties of Lavas and Magmas
F.1 Lavas
F.2 Magmas
References
Index
