Viruses and Society

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction to Cells, DNA, and Viruses
1.1 Understand How Our Bodies Are Made of Cells Containing Our Genetic Material in the Form of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
1.1.1 What Is a Virus?
1.2 Recognize That a Virus Can Enter a Cell and Use the Host Cell’s Machinery to Replicate Itself
1.3 Identify Different Types of Viruses Based on Their Properties
1.4 Understand the Impact of Certain Viruses on the Health of Human Beings and Other Organisms
1.4.1 Tumor Viruses
1.5 Determine That There Are Many Kinds of Viruses in the World, and Not All Are Pathogens
1.6 Understand That Viruses Are Capable of Evolution
1.7 Preview Upcoming Chapters Including How Virologists Do Their Work
1.8 Recognize How Viruses Might Have an Impact on Our Society
1.9 Summary
References
2. An Introduction to the Immune System and Vaccines
2.1 Describe the Major Parts of the Immune System, Including Understanding the Difference between the Innate and Adaptive Aspects of the Immune System
2.2 Discover How Professionals Test for Viral Infection
2.3 Understand the Body’s Response to Viral Infection, and How Some Pathogens Avoid the Immune System
2.4 Describe Immunity and How It Is Achieved in Human Beings
2.5 Examine the History of Antiviral Measures Such as Vaccines
2.6 Understand the Key Aspects of Vaccine Development and the Different Types of Vaccines
2.7 Explain New Directions in Vaccination Research
2.8 Discuss Other Types of Antiviral Therapies Besides Vaccines
2.9 Explain the Impact of Vaccines on Our Society
2.10 Summary
References
3. The 1918 Influenza A Pandemic
3.1 Describe the Details of the Influenza Virus behind the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
3.2 Compare the 1918 Influenza A Virus to the Characteristics of Other Well-Studied Viruses
3.3 Interpret the Historical Factors That Contributed to the Spread of the Influenza A Virus Worldwide in 1918
3.3.1 First Wave of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
3.3.2 Second Wave
3.3.3 Philadelphia
3.3.4 Third Wave
3.4 Treatments for Influenza in 1918
3.5 Understand How Scientists Raced to Find the Cause of the 1918 Pandemic, and What They Found Using Koch’s Postulates
3.6 Examine Modern Analysis of the 1918 Pandemic and the Influenza A Virus Itself
3.7 Understand the Impact of the 1918 Pandemic Including How Our Society Handles Pandemics in General and Seasonal Influenza Specifically Today
3.8 Summary
References
4. Poliovirus
4.1 Describe the Details of the Poliovirus Life Cycle and the Disease It Causes, Poliomyelitis (Polio)
4.1.1 General Background
4.1.2 Virus Classification
4.2 Describe How the Poliovirus Affects Its Victims in the Short Term and Long Term
4.3 Discuss Possible Treatments for Polio before Vaccine
4.4 Interpret the Historical Factors That Contributed to the Spread of the Poliovirus Starting in the Late 19th Century and Peaking in 1940s and 1950s
4.5 Understand How Scientists Raced to Understand Polio through Experimentation, Created a Polio Vaccine, and Eventually Attempted to Eradicate It from the Planet: 1908–1950; 1951–1955 (The Polio Vaccine Race, Salk-IPV); 1956–2000 (Sabin-OPV; Polio Eradication Program)
4.5.1 1908–1950
4.5.2 1951–1955 The Polio Vaccine Race
4.5.3 1956–2000 Sabin-OPV and the Global Polio Eradication Program
4.6 Examine the March of Dimes and Mass Vaccination Campaigns
4.7 Describe Worldwide Race to Eradicate Polio and Recent Barriers
4.8 Determine the Lessons Learned from Poliovirus and How Polio Is Still Affecting Society Today, Including Post-Polio Syndrome
4.9 Understand How Other Enteroviruses Are Impacting People Today, as Well as How Genetically Modified Poliovirus May Actually Be Used to Help Cancer Patients
4.10 Summary
References
5. HIV/AIDS
5.1 Describe the Details of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Compared to Other Viruses
5.2 Discuss How HIV Is Transmitted
5.3 Explore How HIV Impacts the Immune System and Leads to AIDS
5.4 Interpret Historical Factors Related to the Emergence of HIV in the United States and Its Global Spread
5.5 Follow the Scientists’ Race to Discover What Causes AIDS
5.5.1 Review Koch’s Postulates
5.6 Determine How You Would Trace the Origins of HIV
5.7 Examine Ongoing Efforts to Control HIV/AIDS—Antiviral Drugs and Prevention of Infection
5.7.1 Classes of Drugs
5.7.2 Combination Therapy
5.7.3 New Treatments and Approaches
5.8 Will We Ever Have an HIV Vaccine?
5.9 Understand the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Society in the United States and around the World
5.10 Conclusion
5.11 Summary
References
6. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
6.1 Describe the Details of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Compared to Other Viruses
6.2 Understand How SARS-CoV-2 Is Transmitted among Humans, Discover How SARS-CoV-2 Affects the Body, and Understand What Tests and Treatments Are Available
6.2.1 Testing and Treatment
6.3 Examine the Historical Factors Leading to the Development and Continuation of the COVID-19 Pandemic
6.3.1 First Six Months
6.3.2 After the First Wave in the United States
6.4 Follow the Race to Develop a COVID-19 Vaccine
6.4.1 mRNA Vaccines
6.4.2 Vaccine Equity
6.5 Differentiate the Course of the Pandemic before and after Mass Vaccination Campaigns Begin in the United States
6.5.1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants
6.5.2 Superspreading Phenomenon
6.5.3 How Many Waves?
6.6 Discuss Whether the COVID-19 Pandemic Could Have Been Prevented and What the World Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic
6.6.1 What We Learned
6.7 Recognize the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the United States and the World, and What Our Societies Will Look Like Post-Pandemic
6.7.1 How Society Changed in United States
6.7.2 Popular Culture
6.7.3 How the World Changed
6.8 Summary
References
7. Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
7.1 Extend Your Understanding of Viruses beyond Viruses Just as Pathogens
7.2 Examine the Uses of Viruses as a Potential Molecular Delivery System
7.3 Understand the Concept of Recombinant DNA Technology and How Viruses Are Involved
7.4 Discover the Use of Viruses for Gene Therapy
7.4.1 Viruses Commonly Used for Gene Therapy
7.4.2 Examples of Gene Therapies Involving Viruses
7.4.3 Key Gene Therapy Products Approved in the United States
7.4.4 Future of Gene Therapy
7.5 Discuss the Use of Viruses in Vaccines and Other Drugs
7.5.1 Other Uses of Viruses to Treat Disease—Regenerative Medicine
7.6 Summary
References
8. Public Health and Viruses
8.1 Explain the Meaning of Public Health and Epidemiology
8.2 Understand the Critical Parts of Epidemiology Related to Infectious Disease Caused by Pathogens like Viruses
8.3 Explore Social Determinants of Health and How They Are Connected to Infectious Disease
8.4 Examine Major Global Public Health Issues Related to Infectious Disease
8.5 Understand Vaccine Equity
8.6 Conclusion
8.7 Summary
References
9. Science Communication and Viruses
9.1 Understand the Historical Relationship between Science and Society in the U.S. and around the World
9.2 Understand How Science Communication Should Work and in What Form
9.2.1 How Are New Forms of Communication, Including Social Media, Affecting Science Communication?
9.3 Discuss What the Responsibility of Scientists Is to Communicate Their Work
9.4 Discuss What the Responsibility of the Public Is Towards Scientific Issues
9.4.1 What Is the Perception of the Value of Science and Scientists in the Public Domain?
9.4.2 Skepticism versus Mistrust in Science
9.5 Understand How to Avoid Science Misinformation
9.6 Understand the Urgent Issues of Science Communication in Our Society Today
9.6.1 Science Communication Issue: Vaccine Hesitancy
9.6.2 Science Communication Issue: Emerging/Spillover Viruses
9.6.3 Recommended Sources for Scientific Information on Viruses and Society (Current in 2022)
9.7 Summary
References
Index