This book provides a thorough understanding of the basic principles, synthesis, analysis, and control of virtual inertia systems. It uses the latest technical tools to mitigate power system stability and control problems under the presence of high distributed generators (DGs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) penetration.
This book uses a simple virtual inertia control structure based on the frequency response model, complemented with various control methods and algorithms to achieve an adaptive virtual inertia control respect to the frequency stability and control issues. The chapters capture the important aspects in virtual inertia synthesis and control with the objective of solving the stability and control problems regarding the changes of system inertia caused by the integration of DGs/RESs. Different topics on the synthesis and application of virtual inertia are thoroughly covered with the description and analysis of numerous conventional and modern control methods for enhancing the full spectrum of power system stability and control. Filled with illustrative examples, this book gives the necessary fundamentals and insight into practical aspects.
This book stimulates further research and offers practical solutions to real-world power system stability and control problems with respect to the system inertia variation triggered by the integration of RESs/DGs. It will be of use to engineers, academic researchers, and university students interested in power systems dynamics, analysis, stability and control.
Author(s): Thongchart Kerdphol, Fathin Saifur Rahman, Masayuki Watanabe, Yasunori Mitani
Series: Power Systems
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 259
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1 An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview on Virtual Inertia
1.3 Literature Review on Virtual Inertia
1.4 Summary
References
2 Fundamental Concepts of Inertia Power Compensation and Frequency Control
2.1 Fundamental Frequency Regulation
2.2 Inertia Power Compensation
2.2.1 Calculation of Inertia Constant
2.2.2 Minimum Inertia Levels
2.3 Primary and Secondary Control
2.4 Structure of Frequency Response Model
2.5 Frequency Regulation in a Single-Area Power System
2.6 Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Power Systems
2.7 Analysis of Steady-State Frequency Response
2.8 Participation Factor for Frequency Control
2.9 Physical Constraints for Frequency Control
2.9.1 Governor Dead Band and Generation Rate
2.9.2 Time Delay
2.10 Generation Droop Characteristics
2.11 Reserve Power
2.11.1 Frequency Operating Standards
2.12 Summary
References
3 Virtual Inertia Synthesis for a Single-Area Power System
3.1 Fundamental Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control
3.2 Droop Characteristics of Virtual Inertia Control
3.3 Frequency Regulation for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
3.4 Frequency Response Model for Virtual Inertia Control
3.5 Frequency Analysis for Virtual Inertia Control
3.6 State-Space Modeling of a Single Area Power System
3.7 Simulation Results
3.7.1 Effect of Virtual Inertia Control Droop
3.7.2 Effect of Virtual Inertia Constant
3.7.3 Effect of Virtual Damping
3.7.4 Effect of Time Delay
3.8 Summary
References
4 Multiple-Virtual Inertia Synthesis for Interconnected Systems
4.1 Introduction to Interconnected Systems
4.2 Modeling of Multiple-Virtual Inertia Control
4.3 State-Space Modeling of Interconnected Systems
4.4 Multiple Virtual Inertia Control Droops
4.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis for Multiple Inertia Control Units
4.5 Simulation Results
4.5.1 Efficacy of Multiple-Virtual Inertia Control
4.5.2 Stability Analysis Under Continuous Disturbances
4.6 Summary
References
5 Application of PI/PID Control for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
5.1 Introduction to PI/PID Control
5.2 Fundamental Feedback Control
5.3 Actions of PI/PID Control
5.3.1 Proportional Action
5.3.2 Integral Action
5.3.3 Derivative Action
5.4 Structures of PI/PID Control
5.4.1 Modeling of PI Controller
5.4.2 Modeling of PID Controller
5.5 Tuning Rules for PI/PID Control
5.5.1 Classical Tuning
5.5.2 Modern Tuning
5.6 Modeling of PI/PID-Based Virtual Inertia Control
5.7 MATLAB-Based PI/PID Tuning Approach
5.7.1 Optimal PI Control Gains
5.7.2 Optimal PID Control Gains
5.8 Simulation Results
5.9 Summary
References
6 Model Predictive Control for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
6.1 Introduction to Model Predictive Control
6.2 Fundamental MPC Strategy
6.3 MPC Disturbances
6.4 MPC Constraints
6.5 MPC-Based Virtual Inertia Control
6.6 MATLAB-Based MPC
6.7 Simulation Results
6.7.1 Efficacy of MPC-Based Virtual Inertia Control
6.7.2 Robustness Against Inertia and Damping Reduction
6.7.3 Robustness Against Time Delay
6.7.4 Robustness Against High Penetration of Renewables
6.8 Summary
References
7 Fuzzy Logic Control for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
7.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Control
7.2 Fundamental Fuzzy Logic
7.2.1 Fuzzy Set
7.2.2 Shapes of Fuzzy Set
7.2.3 Fuzzy Rule Base
7.2.4 Fuzzification
7.2.5 Fuzzy Inference System
7.2.6 Defuzzification
7.3 Fuzzy-Based Virtual Inertia Synthesis
7.4 MATLAB-Based Fuzzy Logic Control
7.5 Simulation Results
7.5.1 Effect of Low RESs Penetration
7.5.2 Effect of High RESs Penetration
7.5.3 Mismatch Parameters of Primary/Secondary Control
7.6 Summary
References
8 Synthesis of Robust Virtual Inertia Control
8.1 Introduction to Robust Virtual Inertia Control
8.2 H∞ Robust Control Theory
8.3 Design of H∞ Robust Virtual Inertia Control
8.4 Modeling of Uncertainty and Disturbance
8.4.1 H∞ Controller Design
8.5 Closed-Loop Nominal Stability and Performance
8.5.1 Closed-Loop Robust Stability and Performance
8.6 Order Reduction of H∞ Controller
8.7 Simulation Results
8.7.1 Effect of Abrupt Change
8.7.2 High Penetration of RESs and Loads
8.8 Summary
References
9 Optimization of Virtual Inertia Control Considering System Frequency Protection Scheme
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
9.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding (UFLS)
9.4 Design of Virtual Inertia Control Optimization Considering System Frequency Protection
9.5 System Modeling
9.5.1 Test System
9.5.2 Virtual Inertia Control Model
9.6 Simulation Results
9.6.1 Default High Inertia Condition and the Result of Optimization
9.6.2 Low Inertia Condition
9.6.3 Impact on the Existing Underfrequency Load Shedding (UFLS) Scheme
9.7 Summary
References
10 Technical Challenges and Further Research in Virtual Inertia Control
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Main Technical Aspects of Virtual Inertia Control
10.2.1 Improvement in Modeling, Aggregation, and Control of Virtual Inertia Control
10.2.2 Optimization of Virtual Inertia Control
10.2.3 System Inertia Estimation
10.3 Supporting Aspects for the Integration of Virtual Inertia Control Systems
10.3.1 Economic Valuation for Inertia Service
10.3.2 Standard and Regulation
10.4 Summary
References
Appendix
