This excellent reference provides detailed analysis and optimization aspects of live 3G mobile communication networksVideo and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks describes the state-of-the-art in the transmission of multimedia over cellular networks, evaluates the performance of the running system based on the measurements and monitoring of live networks, and finally presents concepts and methods for improving of the quality in such systems.Key Features:Addresses the transmission of different media over cellular networks, with a focus on evolving UMTS transmission systemsProvides in-depth coverage of UMTS network architecture, and an overview of 3GPP video servicesDescribes the characteristics of the link layer errors in the UMTS Terrestrial radio Access Network (UTRAN), obtained by extensive measurements in live UMTS networksCovers video encoding and decoding, introducing H.264/AVC video codec, as well as addressing various novel concepts for increased error resilienceDiscusses the real-time capable algorithms that are suitable for implementation in power and size limited terminalsPresents the methods for monitoring quality, as well as analyzing and modelling traffic evolution in the cellular mobile networkThis book provides a valuable reference for researchers and students working in the field of multimedia transmission over wireless networks. Industry experts and professionals working within the field will also find this book of interest.
Author(s): Markus Rupp
Edition: 1
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 412
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 16
About the Contributors......Page 18
Foreword......Page 22
Preface......Page 24
Acknowledgements......Page 28
List of Abbreviations......Page 30
Part I Cellular Mobile Systems......Page 36
1 Introduction to Radio and Core Networks of UMTS......Page 40
1.1 UMTS Network Architecture......Page 42
1.2 UTRAN Architecture......Page 43
1.2.1 UTRAN Protocol Architecture......Page 44
1.2.2 Physical Layer Data Processing in the UTRAN Radio Interface......Page 48
1.3 UMTS PS-core Network Architecture......Page 51
1.4 A Data Session in a 3G Network......Page 53
1.4.1 The UMTS (PS-core) Protocol Stack......Page 54
1.4.2 The Protocols......Page 55
1.5 Differences between 2.5G and 3G Core Network Entities......Page 58
1.5.1 GPRS Channels......Page 59
1.5.3 The GPRS Protocol Stack......Page 60
1.6 HSDPA: an Evolutionary Step......Page 62
1.6.1 Architecture of HSDPA......Page 63
1.6.2 Difference between UMTS and HSDPA......Page 64
1.6.3 Transport and Control Channels......Page 66
References......Page 67
Part II Analysis and Modelling of the Wireless Link......Page 70
2 Measurement-based Analysis of UMTS Link Characteristics......Page 74
2.1.1 General Setup......Page 75
2.1.2 Mobility Scenarios......Page 77
2.2.1 Link Error Probability......Page 81
2.2.3 TTI-burstlength, TTI-gaplength......Page 83
2.2.4 TB Error Bursts, TB Error Clusters......Page 85
2.2.5 The Influence of TPC on Link Error Characteristics......Page 87
2.2.6 Statistical Dependency between Successive Gaps/Bursts......Page 89
2.2.7 Block Error Ratio (BLER)......Page 90
2.3 Dynamic Bearer Type Switching......Page 91
2.3.1 Measurement-based Analysis of Dynamic Bearer Type Switching......Page 92
References......Page 95
3.1 Modelling Erroneous Channels – A Literature Survey......Page 96
3.2 Link Error Models for the UMTS DCH......Page 101
3.2.1 Link Error Modelling – ‘Dynamic’ Case......Page 102
3.2.2 Link Error Modelling – ‘Static’ Case......Page 104
3.3 Impact of Channel Modelling on the Quality of Services for Streamed Video......Page 110
3.3.2 Experimental Setup......Page 111
3.3.3 Simulation Results for H.264 Encoded Video over Error Prone Links......Page 113
3.4.1 Four-state Markov Model......Page 118
3.4.2 Enhanced Four-state Model......Page 119
References......Page 121
4 Analysis of Link Error Predictability in the UTRAN......Page 124
4.1.1 Detection of Start of Intervals......Page 125
4.1.2 Interval Length L_i......Page 126
4.2 Estimation of Expected Failure Rate......Page 127
References......Page 130
Part III Video Coding and Error Handling......Page 132
5.1.1 Video Sampling......Page 136
5.1.2 Compression Mechanisms......Page 138
5.1.3 Structure of Video Streams......Page 142
5.1.5 Reference Software......Page 143
5.2.1 Error Propagation......Page 144
5.2.2 Standardized Error Resilience Techniques......Page 145
5.2.3 Alternative Error Resilience Techniques......Page 146
5.3 Error Concealment......Page 147
5.3.1 Spatial Error Concealment......Page 148
5.3.2 Temporal Error Concealment Methods......Page 150
5.4 Performance Indicators......Page 153
References......Page 155
6 Error Detection Mechanisms for Encoded Video Streams......Page 160
6.1.1 Structure of VCL NALUs......Page 161
6.1.2 Rules of Syntax Analysis......Page 163
6.1.3 Error-handling Mechanism......Page 166
6.1.4 Simulation Setup......Page 168
6.1.5 Subjective Quality Comparison......Page 169
6.1.6 Detection Performance......Page 170
6.2.1 Impairments in the Inter Frames......Page 172
6.2.2 Impairments in the Intra Frames......Page 173
6.2.3 Performance Results......Page 174
6.3 Fragile Watermarking......Page 175
6.4.1 Signalling of Synchronization Points......Page 181
6.4.2 Codes for Length Indicators......Page 183
6.5 From Error Detection to Soft Decoding......Page 186
6.5.1 Sequential CAVLC Decoder......Page 187
6.5.2 Additional Synchronization Points......Page 188
6.5.4 Performance......Page 189
References......Page 192
Part IV Error Resilient Video Transmission over UMTS......Page 194
7.1.1 Introduction......Page 198
7.1.2 System Overview......Page 199
7.1.3 Video Codecs in 3GPP......Page 201
7.1.4 Bearer and Transport QoS......Page 204
7.2.1 3G Dedicated Channel Link Layer......Page 206
7.2.2 Experimental Results for Conversational Video......Page 208
7.2.3 Experimental Results for Moderate-delay Applications......Page 210
7.2.4 System Design Guidelines......Page 212
7.3.1 Multimedia Telephony Services......Page 213
7.3.2 Multimedia Download Delivery......Page 215
7.3.3 Multimedia Streaming Services over MBMS......Page 216
References......Page 219
8 Cross-layer Error Resilience Mechanisms......Page 222
8.1.1 Error Detection at RLC Layer......Page 223
8.1.2 RLC PDU Based VLC Resynchronization......Page 224
8.1.3 Error Detection and VLC Resynchronization Efficiency......Page 226
8.2.1 Redundancy Control......Page 227
8.3.1 Scheduling Mechanism......Page 231
8.3.2 Performance Evaluation......Page 234
8.4.1 Scheduling Mechanism......Page 237
8.4.2 Distortion Estimation......Page 238
8.4.3 Performance Evaluation......Page 242
References......Page 244
Part V Monitoring and QoS Measurement......Page 246
9.1 Introduction to Traffic Monitoring......Page 250
9.2 Network Monitoring via Traffic Monitoring: the Present and the Vision......Page 251
9.3 A Monitoring Framework for 3G Networks......Page 254
9.4.1 Optimization in the Core Network Design......Page 255
9.4.2 Parameter Optimization......Page 256
9.4.3 What-if Analysis......Page 257
9.4.4 Detecting Anomalies......Page 258
9.5 Examples of User-centric Applications......Page 259
9.5.1 Traffic Classification......Page 260
9.6 Summary......Page 261
References......Page 262
10.1.1 Motivations and Problem Statement......Page 264
10.1.2 Input Traces......Page 268
10.1.3 Diagnosis based on Aggregate Traffic Rate Moments......Page 269
10.1.4 Diagnosis based on TCP Performance Indicators......Page 274
10.2.1 Motivations......Page 278
10.2.2 Measurement Methodology......Page 279
10.2.3 Detecting Micro Congestion Caused by High-rate Scanners......Page 280
10.2.4 Revealing Network Equipment Problems......Page 284
10.2.5 Exploiting One-way Delays for Online Anomaly Detection......Page 285
References......Page 289
11 End-to-End Video Quality Measurements......Page 292
11.1 Test Methodology for Subjective Video Testing......Page 295
11.1.1 Video Quality Evaluation......Page 296
11.1.3 Source Materials......Page 298
11.2.1 Subjective Quality Tests on SIF Resolution and H.264/AVC Codec......Page 300
11.3.1 Temporal Segmentation......Page 302
11.3.3 Content Sensitive Features......Page 303
11.3.4 Hypothesis Testing and Content Classification......Page 309
11.3.5 Video Quality Estimation for SIF-H.264 Resolution......Page 310
11.3.6 Content Based Video Quality Estimation......Page 311
11.3.7 Ensemble Based Quality Estimation......Page 315
References......Page 318
Part VI Packet Switched Traffic – Evolution and Modelling......Page 322
12.1.1 Analysed Traces......Page 326
12.1.2 Daily Usage Profile for UMTS and GPRS......Page 327
12.2.1 Volumes and User Population in GPRS and UMTS......Page 328
12.2.2 Fraction of Volume per Service......Page 331
12.2.3 Service Mix Diurnal Profile......Page 333
12.2.4 Grouping Subscribers per Service Access......Page 335
12.3 Analysis of the PDP-context Activity......Page 336
12.3.2 Distribution of PDP-context Duration......Page 337
12.3.3 The Volume of a PDP-context......Page 342
12.3.4 Total Volume and Number of PDP-contexts per Group......Page 343
12.4 Detecting and Filtering of Malicious Traffic......Page 344
References......Page 346
13.1 Introduction to Flow Analysis......Page 348
13.1.1 Heavy Tailed......Page 349
13.1.2 The Flow......Page 350
13.2.1 Pre-evaluation of the Dataset......Page 352
13.2.2 Parameter Estimation......Page 353
13.3.1 Evolution of the TCP/UDP and Application Flow Lengths from 2005 to 2007......Page 356
13.3.2 Example Validation of the Datasets......Page 357
13.3.3 Scaling Analysis of the Heavy Tail Parameter......Page 358
13.3.4 Fitting Flow Size and Duration......Page 359
13.3.5 Mice and Elephants in Traffic Flows......Page 363
References......Page 365
14.1 Motivation......Page 368
14.2 Modelling HTTP Browsing Sessions for the Mobile Internet Access......Page 370
14.2.1 HTTP Traffic Model......Page 372
14.3 Modelling FTP Sessions in a Mobile Network......Page 376
14.3.1 Modelling FTP Sessions......Page 377
14.3.2 Fitting the Parameters......Page 378
14.4.1 Email Protocols of the Internet......Page 379
14.4.2 A POP3 Email Model for High RTT Networks......Page 381
14.4.3 Simulation Setup......Page 385
References......Page 387
15 Traffic Models for Specific Services......Page 390
15.1 Traffic Models for Online Gaming......Page 391
15.1.1 Traffic Model for a Fast Action Game: Unreal Tournament......Page 393
15.1.2 Traffic Model for a Real Time Strategy Game: Star Craft......Page 396
15.1.3 Traffic Model for a Massive Multiplayer Online Game: World ofWarcraft......Page 397
15.2 A Traffic Model for Push-to-Talk (Nokia)......Page 405
15.2.1 AMR: Facts from the Data Sheets......Page 406
15.2.3 PTT Model......Page 407
References......Page 409
Index......Page 412
