This book addresses current topics on pathogenic Vibrio spp. from a comprehensive and holistic perspective. Here, experts in the field provide timely chapters, ranging from genomics, pathogen emergence, and epidemiology to pathogenesis, virulence regulation and host colonization. Questions addressed include: How does climate change affect the spread of these bacteria? What is the status of current vaccines? Are there novel therapeutic options to treat Vibrio infections? Is there likelihood of emergence of new pathogenic strains or species? Can insights from mathematical models and epidemiology lead to prediction of pathogen outbreaks?
Recent decades have seen a steady increase in Vibrio spp. infections originating in aquatic and marine habitats, driven by higher human population densities, warming of polluted oceans, natural and human-made disasters, and mass seafood production. These conditions increase the likelihood of pathogenic Vibrio spp. coming into contact with humans, making their study even more timely and relevant as these problems escalate over time.This book is a valuable resource for health management professionals, experienced microbiologists/ microbial ecologists, and early career scientists alike who want to learn more about these important environmental human pathogens. The ideas and technologies presented in this book for preventing, controlling, and monitoring Vibrio spp. infections contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being.
Author(s): Salvador Almagro-Moreno, Stefan Pukatzki
Series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1404
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 355
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Vibrio Infections and the Twenty-First Century
1.1 Vibrio Infections
1.2 Vibrios and the Environment
1.3 Life on a Warming Planet: Climate Change and the Global Vibrio Expansion
1.4 The Future of Cholera
1.5 Emergence of Novel Pathogenic Variants: Vibrio vulnificus and Aquaculture
1.6 Vibrio Population Dynamics and Climate Change: The Vibrio parahaemolyticus Paradigm
References
2: New Insights into Vibrio cholerae Biofilms from Molecular Biophysics to Microbial Ecology
2.1 The Structure and Developmental Process of V. cholerae Biofilms
2.2 The Ecological Function of V. cholerae Biofilms
2.3 Regulation of V. cholerae Biofilms by Quorum Sensing (QS) and c-di-GMP Signaling
2.4 Biomechanical Properties of V. cholerae Biofilms
References
3: Type VI Secretion Systems: Environmental and Intra-host Competition of Vibrio cholerae
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Structure and Mechanism of the T6SS
3.3 Genome Organization of the V. cholerae T6SS
3.4 Regulation of the T6SS Across the V. cholerae Species
3.5 The Role of the V. cholerae T6SS in Interbacterial Competition
3.6 Effector and Immunity Gene Diversity and Intraspecific Competition in the V. cholerae Population
3.7 The Cost-Benefits Trade-Off of Exchanging T6SS Effectors and the Role of Orphan Immunity Genes in Interbacterial Competiti...
3.8 Mobile T6SS Clusters in the V. cholerae Population and Beyond
3.9 The Role of the V. cholerae T6SS in Inter-kingdom Competition
3.10 Known Roles of the T6SS in Host Colonization and Virulence
3.11 Summary
References
4: Motility Control as a Possible Link Between Quorum Sensing to Surface Attachment in Vibrio Species
4.1 Introduction to Quorum Sensing
4.2 QS Systems That Use Acyl Homoserine Lactones for Communication
4.3 LuxI-LuxR Type QS Systems
4.4 LuxM-LuxN Type AHSL QS Systems
4.5 Non-AHSL Type QS in Vibrio cholerae
4.6 The Link Between QS and Motility in Vibrio Species
4.7 Vibrio fischeri QS and Motility Control
4.8 Vibrio harveyi QS and Flagellum Synthesis Regulation
4.9 Vibrio parahaemolyticus QS and Swarming
4.10 Reciprocal Control of Vibrio cholerae QS by Motility
4.11 Conclusion and Outlook
References
5: The Vibrio Polar Flagellum: Structure and Regulation
5.1 Flagellar Structure
5.2 Flagellar Polar Localization
5.3 Flagellar Loss
5.4 Run-Reverse-Flick Motility
5.5 Flagellar Transcription Regulation
5.6 Future Directions
References
6: Environmental Reservoirs of Pathogenic Vibrio spp. and Their Role in Disease: The List Keeps Expanding
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Impact of Environment on Occurrence of Vibrio spp.
6.3 Heterotrophic Protozoa and Interactions with Vibrio spp.
6.4 Chitin and Vibrios
6.5 Association with Planktons
6.6 Association with Higher Organisms
6.6.1 Chironomids
6.6.2 Bivalve Molluscs
6.6.3 Crustaceans
6.6.4 Fish
6.7 Aquatic Birds
6.8 Conclusion
References
7: Cholera Dynamics and the Emergence of Pandemic Vibrio cholerae
7.1 Cholera
7.2 Vibrio cholerae
7.3 Pandemic Spread of V. cholerae
7.4 Cholera Pathogenesis
7.5 Genetic Determinants of Cholera Pathogenesis
7.6 CTXPhi Phage
7.7 Pathogenicity Islands
7.7.1 Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-1
7.7.2 Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2
7.7.3 Vibrio Seventh Pandemic Island I
7.7.4 Vibrio Seventh Pandemic Island II
7.8 Super Integron on Chromosome II
7.9 The Integrative and Conjugative Element, SXT
7.10 Inhibition of DNA Uptake
7.10.1 CRISPR-Cas
7.10.2 Xenogeneic Silencers
7.10.3 PAI-Encoded Systems for Plasmid Degradation
7.11 Genomic Preadaptations to Pathogenesis: Virulence Adaptive Polymorphisms
7.12 Emergence of Novel Serogroups
7.13 Climate Change and Cholera
7.14 Concluding Remarks
References
8: Role of Bacteriophages in the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrios and Lessons for Phage Therapy
8.1 History of Vibrio Bacteriophages
8.2 Phage-Based Therapies of Pathogenic Vibrios
8.2.1 Vibrio alginolyticus
8.2.2 Vibrio cholerae
8.2.3 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
8.2.4 Vibrio harveyi
8.2.5 Vibrio coralliilyticus
8.2.6 Vibrio anguillarum
8.2.7 Vibrio splendidus
8.2.8 Vibrio vulnificus
8.2.9 Vibrio campbellii
8.2.10 Vibrio ordalii
8.2.11 Challenges of Using Phage Therapy
8.3 The Role of Temperate Phages in Vibrio Evolution
8.4 Phage-Escape Mechanisms and Co-evolutionary Arms-Race
8.4.1 First Step: Evading Phage Attachment
8.4.2 Second Step: Battling Phage DNA
8.4.2.1 Restriction-Modification Systems
8.4.2.2 CRISPR-Cas Systems in Vibrio Species
8.4.2.3 Abortive Infection
8.4.3 Step Three: Preventing Virus Assembly
8.4.4 Other Phage Escape Mechanisms
References
9: Vibrio vulnificus, an Underestimated Zoonotic Pathogen
9.1 Generalities
9.2 Human and Animal Diseases: Epidemiology
9.3 Intraspecific Variability: Mobile Genetic Elements and Virulence
9.4 Fish Farms as Evolutionary Drivers in V. vulnificus
9.5 Concluding Remarks
References
10: The Role of Nutrients and Nutritional Signals in the Pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae
10.1 Carbon and Energy Sources Utilized by Pathogenic V. cholerae
10.2 Central Metabolism and Its Role in V. cholerae Intestinal Colonization
10.3 Intestinal Mucus and Sialic Acid Catabolism Essential for V. cholerae Host Colonization
10.4 L-ascorbate as a Nutrient Source In Vivo
10.5 Mechanisms Used by V. cholerae to Overcome Colonization Resistance
10.6 Conclusions
References
11: Stress Responses in Pathogenic Vibrios and Their Role in Host and Environmental Survival
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 V. cholerae
11.1.2 V. parahaemolyticus
11.1.3 V. vulnificus
11.2 Responses to Environmental Stress
11.2.1 Temperature
11.2.2 Salinity
11.2.3 Viable but Non-culturable State
11.2.4 Predation by Protozoa
11.2.5 Phage Predation
11.3 Responses to Stress Encountered in the Host
11.3.1 Acid Stress
11.3.2 Bile
11.3.3 Mucus
11.3.4 Antimicrobial Peptides
11.4 Conclusions
References
12: Vibrio parahaemolyticus Epidemiology and Pathogenesis: Novel Insights on an Emerging Foodborne Pathogen
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microbiological Identification of V. parahaemolyticus
12.3 Pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus
12.4 Virulence Factors and Fitness Traits
12.5 Epidemiology of V. parahaemolyticus
12.6 Genomics and Evolutionary Aspects of V. parahaemolyticus
12.7 Genomic Island of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
12.8 Molecular Detection of V. parahaemolyticus
12.9 Molecular Epidemiology of V. parahaemolyticus
12.10 Conclusion
References
13: The Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) State in Vibrio Species: Why Studying the VBNC State Now Is More Exciting than Ever
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Significance of Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) Cells
13.2.1 Biology and Species Survival
13.2.2 Environmental Reservoirs
13.2.3 Microbiological Testing
13.2.4 Medical Context
13.3 How Is the VBNC State Induced in Vibrio Species?
13.4 Molecular Level
13.5 Resuscitation Window
13.6 Resuscitation Methods
13.7 Virulence
13.8 Heterogeneous Populations of VBNC Cells and Future Omics Studies
13.9 Conclusion
References
14: Structural Insights into Regulation of Vibrio Virulence Gene Networks
14.1 Introduction
14.2 HapR and Homologs Are Quorum Sensing Transcription Factors
14.2.1 HapR Structure
14.2.2 HapR DNA Binding
14.3 AphAB
14.3.1 AphA Structure
14.3.2 AphB Structure
14.4 ToxRS
14.4.1 ToxR Structure
14.4.2 DNA Binding Domain
14.4.3 Periplasmic Domain Structure
14.5 VtrAC
14.5.1 VtrA Periplasmic Domain Structure
14.5.2 VtrC Periplasmic Domain Structure
14.6 ToxT
14.6.1 ToxT Structure
14.6.2 ToxT Regulation
14.6.3 ToxT Inhibitors
14.7 Summary
References
15: When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-Analysis of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in Wild and Domestic Birds
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Literature Review
15.3.2 Vibrio cholerae
15.3.3 Vibrio parahaemolyticus
15.3.4 Vibrio vulnificus
15.3.5 Vibrio alginolyticus
15.3.6 Vibrio fluvialis
15.4 Discussion
References
16: What Whole Genome Sequencing Has Told Us About Pathogenic Vibrios
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Initial Glimpses
16.3 From Genome to Pangenome: Refining the Species Concept
16.4 Reconstructing Past Outbreaks
16.5 Novel Applications
16.6 Future Directions
References
