In this book, we proposed velocity-free localization methods for acoustic and microseismic sources. This method does not require predetermination of wave velocity, which is a dynamically adjusted free real-time parameter. These methods solve the problem of large localization error caused by the difference between measured wave velocity and actual wave velocity in the source area and greatly improve the positioning accuracy.
They are suitable for complex structures where the wave velocity changes dynamically in time and space, such as mines, bridges, buildings, pavements, loaded mechanical structures, dams, geothermal mining, oil extraction, and other engineering fields. This book includes progress in the development of localization methods, factors affecting the accuracy of source localization, analytical methods without the pre-measured wave velocity, velocity-free numerical methods for localizing acoustic sources, combined optimal velocity-free localization methods, velocity-free source localization considering complex paths of spatial structures, and theories as well as some cases of engineering applications of these methods.
Author(s): Longjun Dong, Xibing Li
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 352
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction
1.1 Origin and Early Development of MS/AE Source Localization
1.2 Analytical Localization Methods
1.3 Iterative Localization Methods
1.3.1 Linear Iterative Methods
1.3.2 Nonlinear Iterative Methods
1.4 Emerging Methods
1.4.1 Combination Methods
1.4.2 Localization Methods Based on Non-straight Wave Travel Paths
1.4.3 Localization Methods Based on Machine Learning
References
2 The Basic Theory of Source Localization
2.1 Introduction for Microseismic and AE Monitoring Technology
2.1.1 Acoustic Emission Monitoring Technology
2.1.2 Microseismic Monitoring Technology
2.2 Three Application Cases of the Source Localization
2.2.1 One-Dimensional Case
2.2.2 Two-Dimensional Case
2.2.3 Three-Dimensional Case
2.3 Source Localization Methods with Known Wave Velocity
2.3.1 Traditional Methods
2.3.2 Localization Method Based on Linearization of Nonlinear Equations
2.4 Comparison between the Traditional Method and Velocity-Free Method
2.4.1 Numerical Test and Location Results
2.4.2 Blasting Test and Location Results
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Acoustic Emission Sources Localization
3.1 The Influence of Temperature on Location Accuracy
3.1.1 Experimental Materials and Procedures
3.1.2 Localization Method
3.1.3 Results and Discussion
3.2 The Influence of Velocity Error and Sensor Position on Source Location Accuracy
3.2.1 Design of Numerical Tests
3.2.2 Localization Methods
3.2.3 Results and Discussion
3.3 The Influence of Stress Stages on Source Location Accuracy
3.3.1 Experimental Materials and Procedure
3.3.2 Rock Fracture Stage Division
3.3.3 Results and Discussion
3.4 The Influence of Different Optimization Algorithms on Source Location Accuracy
3.4.1 Numerical Test
3.4.2 Blasting Test
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Three-Dimensional Analytical Solution Under the Cuboid, Rectangular Pyramid, and Random Sensor Networks
4.1 Statement of the Problem
4.2 Analytical Method Under the Cuboid Sensor Network
4.2.1 Analytic Solution I
4.2.2 Analytic Solution II
4.2.3 Analytic Solution III
4.3 Analytical Method Under the Rectangular Pyramid Sensor Network
4.4 Analytical Method Under the Random Sensors Network
4.4.1 Analytical Method for Six Sensors
4.4.2 Analytical Method for Greater Than Six Sensors
4.5 Validated Examples and Discussion
4.5.1 Numerical Examples and Experimental Validation Under the Cuboid Sensor Network
4.5.2 Numerical Examples Under the Rectangular Pyramid Sensor Network
4.5.3 Blasting Tests Under the Random Sensor Network
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Iterative Method for Velocity-Free Model
5.1 Multi-step Localization Method
5.2 Localization Method Combining Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm
5.3 Localization Method Using P-wave and S-wave Arrivals
5.4 Verification of Three Methods
5.4.1 Verification of MLM
5.4.2 Verification of MSLM-MV
5.4.3 Verification of PSAFUVS
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Collaborative Localization Method Using Analytical and Iterative Solutions
6.1 Theory of the CLMAI
6.1.1 Filtering the Abnormal Arrivals Using the Analytical Solutions
6.1.2 The Iterative Localization Method Using Clear Arrivals
6.2 The Verification of the CLMAI by Blasts
6.2.1 The Filtering of Abnormal Arrivals for Blasts
6.2.2 The Validation for the Filtered Abnormal Arrivals
6.2.3 The Locating Results Using the CLMAI and Discussion
6.3 A Case Study for Locating the Microseismic Sources in Kaiyang Mine
6.4 Conclusions
References
7 Velocity-Free Localization Methods for the Complex Structures Based on Non-straight Wave Travel Paths
7.1 A* Localization Method Without Premeasured Velocity
7.1.1 Initializing the Text Environment
7.1.2 Collecting Arrivals
7.1.3 Searching the Fastest Wave Path
7.1.4 Locating AE Source
7.2 Localization Method for Structures Containing Unknown Empty Areas
7.2.1 Determination of Unknown Empty Areas
7.2.2 Localization of AE Sources
7.3 Localization Method for the Hole-Containing Structure
7.3.1 Determine the Initial Environment
7.3.2 Search for the Fastest Waveform Path
7.3.3 Collect Data of Arrivals
7.3.4 Source Location
7.4 Verification and Discussions
7.4.1 Verification for ALM
7.4.2 Verification for SUEA
7.4.3 Verification for VFH
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Application of Velocity-Free Localization Method in Hazard Analysis of slopes in Rare Earth Mine
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Field Test in Huashan Rare EarthMine
8.2.1 Preparation for Test
8.2.2 Data Acquisition
8.2.3 Hammering Test and Location Result
8.3 Basic Principle of Regional Risk Analysis of Rare Earth Mine Slope
8.3.1 Hazard Indicators of Slope Area
8.3.2 PGA Related Source Parameters
8.3.3 Classification of Dangerous Area of Rare Earth Mine Slope
8.4 PGA Forward Fitting
8.4.1 Random Forest Method
8.4.2 Gradient Boosted Decision Tree Method
8.5 Hazard Analysis and Discussion of Slope Area
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Velocity-Free Localization of Trapped People
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Simulation in Site
9.2.1 Simulate Distress Signal with Blasting
9.2.2 Simulate Distress Signal with Drilling
9.3 Location Result and Discussion
9.3.1 Location Result of Simulation by Blasting
9.3.2 Location Result of Simulation by Drilling
9.4 Conclusions
References
10 Velocity-Free Localization of Autonomous Driverless Vehicles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 System Model Characteristics
10.2.1 The Cloud Computing Platform
10.2.2 The Autonomous Rock Drilling Jumbo and Explosive Charging Vehicle
10.2.3 The Autonomous Scraper and Autonomous Truck
10.2.4 The Autonomous Supporting Vehicle
10.3 Simulation and Performance Evaluation
10.3.1 Localization for Virtual Sources
10.3.2 Pencil Lead Break Tests (PLB)
10.4 Discussions
10.4.1 Timeliness of the Proposed Localization Method
10.4.2 Competitiveness and Innovation
10.4.3 Safety, Efficiency, and Sustainability
10.4.4 Harmonization and Coordination
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Application of Velocity-Free Methods in Micro-Crack Mechanism and Instability Precursors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experiment
11.2.1 Instruments and Rock Samples
11.2.2 Sensor Arrangement and Loading Procedure
11.3 Results
11.4 Discussion
11.4.1 Analysis of Fracture Types Based on the Moment Tensor Method
11.4.2 Uncertainty of the Moment Tensor Method
11.4.3 Fracture Types of Granite in Post-Peak
11.5 Conclusions
References
12 The Case of the Velocity Field Imaging in Mine—The Prediction of Rock Instability Risk
12.1 The Sensors Network Distribution of the Microseismic Monitoring System
12.2 The Application of Passive Source Localization Without Pre-velocity Method
12.3 Tomography Analysis for Several Mine Layers
12.3.1 Data Processing
12.3.2 Tomography Analysis
12.4 Instability Risk Analysis of Mining Engineering
12.4.1 Tomographic Inversion
12.4.2 Variation of the Multi-parameter
12.4.3 Prediction of Rock Burst Risk
12.5 Conclusion
References
