UV-Visible Photocatalysis for Clean Energy Production and Pollution Remediation: Materials, Reaction Mechanisms, and Applications

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Title Page
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Contents
UV-Visible Photocatalysis for Clean Energy Production andPollution Remediation: Materials, Reaction Mechanisms,and Applications – A Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Challenges and Objectives in the Use of Solar Energy
1.2 Brief History of the Progress in Photocatalysts and Photocatalytic Reactions
1.3 Brief Introduction of the Chapters
1.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Part I Fundamentals of Photocatalysis
Chapter 2 Visible‐Light Active Photocatalysts in Pollutant Degradation/Conversion with Simultaneous Hydrogen Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of Simultaneous Photocatalysis
2.2.1 Dual‐Functional vs. Conventional Photocatalysts
2.2.2 Reaction Efficiency Evaluation
2.3 Cooperation Photocatalysts for Organic Pollutant Degradation/Conversion and H2 Fuel Production
2.3.1 Photocatalyst Design
2.3.2 Organic Substrate Type
2.3.3 Reaction Conditions
2.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3 Selective Oxidation of Alcohols Using Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Heptazine‐Based Graphitic Carbon Nitrides
3.3 Mechanism of Alcohols Oxidation by Carbon Nitrides
3.4 Improving Selectivity of Alcohols Oxidation
3.4.1 Optimizing Reaction Time and Conversion of Alcohol
3.4.2 Substituting O2 by Other Oxidants
3.4.3 Combining Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst with H2 Evolving Catalyst
3.4.4 Employing Photo‐Chargeable Ionic Carbon Nitrides Under Anaerobic Conditions
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Application of S‐Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen Evolution
4.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction
4.4 Pollutant Degradation
4.5 Hydrogen Peroxide Production
4.6 Disinfection and Sterilization
4.7 Organic Synthesis
4.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 5 The Role of the Defects on the Photocatalytic Reactions on ZnO
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Surface Defects and Their Electrical Structure
5.2.1 Oxygen Vacancies
5.2.2 Zinc Vacancies
5.2.3 Interstitial Oxygen and Zinc
5.3 Controllable Preparation and Characterization of Surface Vacancy Defects
5.3.1 Controllable Preparation of Surface Vacancy Defects
5.3.1.1 Formation of Vacancy Defects via Annealing at Different Conditions
5.3.1.2 Formation of Vacancy Defects via Metal and Nonmetal Doping
5.3.1.3 Formation of ZnO with Vacancy Defects via High‐Energy Electrons and Light Irradiation
5.3.2 Characterization of Surface Vacancy Defects
5.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy
5.3.2.2 X‐ray Photoelectron (XPS) Spectroscopy
5.3.2.3 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
5.3.2.4 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectra
5.4 Mechanism of Surface Defects on Photocatalytic Reaction Behavior
5.4.1 Roles of Defects in Gas Adsorption
5.4.2 Defects Function as a Double‐Edged Sword in Regulating Photocatalytic Performance
5.4.3 Defect Engineering Regulates Photocorrosion of ZnO
5.4.3.1 Relationship Between Defects and Photocorrosion
5.4.3.2 Constructing an Electron Channel Through Electron Transfer upon the Adsorption of Molecules and Its Role in Inhibiting Photocorrosion of ZnO
5.5 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Part II Photocatalytic Splitting of Water to Produce Hydrogen
Chapter 6 Strategies for Promoting Overall Water Splitting with Particulate Photocatalysts via Single‐Step Visible‐Light Photoexcitation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 SrTiO3:Al/Rh/Cr2O3/CoOOH: A Model Particulate OWS Photocatalyst
6.3 Current Strategies Promoting OWS with Visible‐Light‐Activated Particulate Photocatalysts
6.3.1 Defect Control of the Semiconductor Material
6.3.1.1 New Precursor Designs
6.3.1.2 Aliovalent Doping
6.3.2 Dual‐Cocatalyst Loading
6.3.3 Surface Nanolayer Coating
6.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Integration of Redox Cocatalysts for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of Dual Cocatalysts
7.2.1 Classification of Cocatalysts on the Basis of the Functional Mechanism
7.2.2 The Advantages of the Design of Dual Cocatalysts
7.2.3 The Effect of Redox Cocatalyst Parameters on Photocatalysis
7.2.4 Design Principles of Dual Cocatalysts
7.3 Recent Advances in the Configuration of Dual Redox Cocatalysts/Photocatalyst
7.3.1 Random Distribution
7.3.2 Spatially Separated Distribution
7.3.2.1 Tip/Side Distribution
7.3.2.2 York‐Shell Distribution
7.3.2.3 Facet‐Dependent Distribution
7.3.2.4 Center/Edge Distribution
7.4 Major Types of Photocatalytic Water Splitting
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Polymeric Carbon Nitride‐based Materials in Aqueous Suspensions for Water Photo‐splitting and Photo‐reforming of Biomass Aqueous Solutions to Generate H2
8.1 Introduction
8.2 g‐C3N4‐based Photocatalysts for H2 Production
8.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Organic Supramolecular Materials for Photocatalytic Splitting of Water to Produce Hydrogen
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Organic Supramolecular Photocatalysts for Water Splitting
9.2.1 PDI‐based Supramolecular Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
9.2.2 Porphyrin‐based Supramolecular Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
9.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Visible Light‐responsive TiO2 Thin‐film Photocatalysts for the Separate Evolution of H2 and O2 from Water
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Fabrication of Visible Light‐responsive TiO2 Thin Films
10.1.2 Characteristics of the Visible Light‐Responsive TiO2 Thin Films Fabricated by RF–MS Deposition Method
10.1.2.1 Effect of the Distance Between the Target and Substrate (DT–S) and Substrate Temperature (TS)
10.1.2.2 Effect of the Pressure of Sputtering Ar Gas
10.1.2.3 Effect of Surface Treatments on the TiO2 Thin Films
10.2 Photoelectrochemical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films Fabricated by RF–MS Method
10.2.1 Setup the Reactor for Separate Evolution of H2 and O2 in the Photocatalytic Splitting of H2O
10.3 Separate Evolution of Pure H2 and O2 Using a Visible Light‐responsive TiO2 Thin‐film Photocatalyst Fabricated by RF–MS Deposition Method and the Factors Affecting the Efficiency
10.4 Toward Greener Pathway: Integration of the Reaction System of the Photocatalytic Splitting of Water with an Artificial Plant Factory
10.5 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Chapter 11 Development of Highly Efficient CdS‐Based Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production: Structural Modification, Durability, and Mechanism
11.1 Introduction
11.2 CdS‐Based Photocatalysis
11.2.1 Construction of p–n type BixOy/CdS Heterostructure
11.2.2 Construction of CdS@h‐BN Heterostructure on rGO Nanosheets
11.2.3 N‐doped CdS Nanocatalyst
11.2.4 Pd Single‐Atom Decorated CdS Nanocatalyst
11.3 Summary and Prospect
References
Chapter 12 Theoretical Studies on Photocatalytic H2 Production from H2O
12.1 Introduction
12.2 3D Photocatalysts
12.2.1 Band Structure Engineering
12.2.2 Carrier Separation
12.3 2D Photocatalysts
12.3.1 Band Structure Engineering
12.3.2 Carrier Separation
12.4 Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part III Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 and Fixation of N2
Chapter 13 Progress in Development of Cocatalysts for the Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 Using H2O as an Electron Donor
13.1 Background
13.1.1 Photocatalysis
13.1.2 Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 using H2O as an Electron Donor
13.2 Cocatalysts Matter: Highly Selective Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 Using H2O as the Electron Donor
13.2.1 Metal Cocatalysts
13.2.1.1 Comparison of Pt, Pd, Au, Cu, Zn, and Ag
13.2.1.2 Ag Nanoparticles
13.2.2 Factors influencing the Performance of Ag Nanoparticles as Cocatalysts
13.2.2.1 Additives
13.2.2.2 Photocatalyst Surface Properties
13.2.2.3 Sizes, Location, and Morphologies of Ag Nanoparticles
13.2.3 Dual Cocatalysts Based on Ag Nanoparticles
13.3 Nonmetal Cocatalysts
13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 14 Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysts' Application of Silicas/Silicates with Nanospaces Containing Single‐site Ti‐oxo Species
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials Variation of Single‐site Ti‐oxo Species in Nanospace Materials
14.2.1 Characterization of Ti‐oxo Species
14.2.2 Ti‐Containing Zeolites and Mesoporous Silicas/Silicates
14.2.3 Molecular Cluster of Ti Single‐Site in Silica‐Based Materials
14.2.4 Other Ti‐Containing Nanospace Materials
14.3 Applications
14.3.1 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O
14.3.2 Other Application
14.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15 Surface Coordination Improved Photocatalytic Fixation of CO2 over 2D Oxide Nanosheets
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Design of the Catalyst
15.3 Preparation of 2D Transition Metal Oxide Nanosheets
15.4 Coordination of CO2
15.5 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 16 Recent Progress on Layered Double Hydroxides‐Based Nanomaterials for Solar Energy Conversion
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Prediction of the Reactivity via DFT Calculations
16.3 Controllable Synthesis
16.3.1 Modulation of the Compositions
16.3.2 Modulation of the Coordination Environment
16.3.3 Hybridization LDHs with Other Materials
16.3.4 Topological Transformation of LDHs
16.4 Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 The Significance and Current Status of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Study
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Mechanism of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation
17.3 Influencing Factors of Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Efficiency
17.3.1 N2 Adsorption Ability of Photocatalyst
17.3.2 Intrinsic Properties of Photocatalysts
17.3.3 Environmental Factors of Photocatalytic Reaction
17.4 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation Materials
17.4.1 Metal oxide
17.4.2 Hydrous Metal Oxide
17.4.3 Metal Sulfide
17.4.4 Other Materials
17.5 Challenges and Opportunities
References
Chapter 18 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation: A Step Closer to the Solar Farm
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Photocatalytic N2 Fixation
18.3 Current Progress
18.4 Challenges and Opportunities
References
Part IV Applications of Photocatalysis
Chapter 19 Photocatalysis for Pollution Remediation
19.1 Basic Concept
19.1.1 Consideration of Photocatalysts for Pollutant Remediation
19.1.2 Consideration of Reaction Conditions
19.2 Reactants, Products, and Intermediates Analysis and Reaction Mechanisms
19.2.1 Direct Analysis of Decomposed Products
19.2.2 Indirect: Consumption of Dye Molecules
19.2.3 Radicals Species
19.2.4 Reaction Intermediates
19.3 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20 Biomimetic Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment: From Lab‐scale to Commercial Operation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biotemplated Photocatalysts
20.3 Photocatalytic Reactors
20.4 Examples for Commercial Operations of Skid‐mounted Photocatalytic Reactors
20.4.1 Treatment of Wastewater at the Expressway Service Area
20.4.2 Treatment of Wastewater at the Hydropower Stations
20.4.3 Advanced Treatment of Wastewater from Lignite Gasification After Biological Processes
20.5 Challenges and Opportunities
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Preparation of Highly Functional TiO2‐Based Thin‐Film Photocatalysts by Ion Engineering Techniques, Photocatalysis, and Photo‐Induced Superhydrophilicity
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Ion Engineering Techniques to Prepare Thin‐Film Photocatalysts
21.2.1 Transparent TiO2 Thin‐Film Photocatalysts Prepared by Ionized Cluster Beam (ICB) Deposition Method
21.2.2 Functional TiO2–SiO2 and TiO2–B2O3 Binary Oxide Thin‐Film Photocatalysts Prepared by Multi‐Ion Source Ionized Cluster Beam (ICB) Deposition Method
21.2.3 Preparation of Crystalline TiO2 Thin‐Film Photocatalysts on the Polycarbonate Substrate by an RF‐Magnetron Sputtering (RF‐MS) Method
21.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22 The Surface‐related Photocatalysis and Superwettability
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Surfaces with Photocatalytic Activity
22.3 Surfaces with Superwettability
22.4 Surfaces with Both Photocatalytic Activity and Superwettability
22.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Index
EULA