Urban Politics: Cities and Suburbs in a Global Age

Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 13
1. The Urban Situation: Global City, Tourist City, Bankrupt City......Page 17
The Postindustrial Transformation of Pittsburgh......Page 18
Global City......Page 22
Tourist City......Page 26
Bankrupt City......Page 31
Power and the Study of Urban Politics......Page 34
Power: The Ability to Get Things Done......Page 37
Privatism: The Limited Power of Government......Page 39
The Subthemes of This Book......Page 41
Conclusion: The Urban Situation......Page 54
Key Terms......Page 55
The Natural Factors that Shape the Growth and Decline of Cities and Suburbs......Page 57
Hidden Urban Policy: How the Government Shapes Metropolitan Development......Page 64
The Importance of Corporate and Private Power......Page 80
How Public Policies and Private-Sector Actions Contribute to Homelessness......Page 92
Conclusion: Hidden Urban Policies, Private Power, and the Contemporary Urban Situation......Page 93
Key Terms......Page 95
Gentrification......Page 98
Who Transformed the Inner City: Urban Pioneers or Corporate Developers?......Page 100
Why Cities Promote Gentrification Despite Its Costs......Page 103
How Public and Private Institutions Promote Neighborhood Transformation......Page 108
Coping with Gentrification......Page 112
World Cities and the Global Hierarchy: The Position of Cities in a Global Economy......Page 115
Globalization: The Permeability of City Borders......Page 119
Conclusion: Globalization, Power, and Democracy......Page 132
Key Terms......Page 135
Moving Beyond the Old “Power Elite” versus “Pluralism” Debate......Page 137
“City Limits”: How Economic Competition Shapes Local Politics......Page 142
Regime Theory: Power as Social Production......Page 154
The Transformation of San Francisco: Political Power and Economic Development in the Postindustrial City......Page 163
Conclusion: Constrained Local Politics......Page 168
Key Terms......Page 170
Municipal Incorporation, City Charters, and Local Fragmentation......Page 172
Dillon’s Rule......Page 173
Preemption......Page 175
Home Rule......Page 176
State Regulations Regarding Local Annexation and Secession......Page 178
Local Government Finance: State Limitations on Local Taxing and Borrowing......Page 179
The Voter Tax Revolt and Recent Trends in Financing Local Government......Page 184
“Academic Bankruptcy” Laws: The State Takeover of Schools in Crisis......Page 187
The Formal Structure of City Government......Page 189
City Councils: No Miniature Reproductions of the U.S. Congress......Page 199
Women in Local Government......Page 202
The Difficult Task of Mayoral Leadership......Page 204
Minority Mayors and the Debate over Deracialization......Page 206
Conclusion: The Limited Position of Cities and the Prospects for Effective City Leadership......Page 217
Key Terms......Page 219
6. The Machine, Reform, and Postreform City......Page 221
How Urban Machines Operated and How They Lasted for So Long......Page 223
Why Political Machines Declined......Page 230
Who Were the Reformers? The Ideology and Bias of the Reform Movement......Page 237
The Reforms and Their Impact......Page 242
A New Generation of Reform......Page 257
Conclusion: The Postreform City......Page 265
Key Terms......Page 266
The Evolution of Citizen Participation......Page 269
Levels of Citizen Participation......Page 274
Treating the Public Not Only as Consumers But as Citizens and Partners......Page 279
Keys to Making Citizen Engagement Work......Page 280
The New Style of Community Organizations: Moving from Protest to Partnership......Page 283
Community Development Corporations......Page 291
E-Government and E-Democracy: From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 (and 3.0)......Page 292
Conclusion: Bottom-Up Participation, Deep Democracy, and the Facilitating Role That Government Can Play......Page 296
Key Terms......Page 297
The Power of Municipal Service Agencies: The Bureaucratic City-State......Page 299
The Importance of Street-Level Bureaucrats......Page 300
Professionalism: An Imperfect Cure for the Urban Bureaucracy Problem......Page 302
Performance Measurement: Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity in Municipal Government......Page 303
Coproduction and Business Improvement Districts (BIDs)......Page 312
Service Contracting and Privatization......Page 316
The Private Management of Public Schools......Page 325
Vouchers, Tax Credits, and Charter Schools: A Variety of School Choice Programs......Page 326
Conclusion: Improving Public Services......Page 339
Key Terms......Page 341
9. A Suburban Nation......Page 344
Suburban Diversity: The Changing Face of Suburbia......Page 348
Racial Stratification: Is It Race or Income that Determines Where People Live?......Page 352
Schools and Suburbia......Page 354
Suburban Land Use and Exclusion......Page 359
Suburban Autonomy and Metropolitan Fragmentation......Page 368
Can “Smart Growth” Curb Suburban Sprawl?......Page 370
“New Urbanism”: Can We Build Better Suburbs?......Page 377
Conclusion: Moving from Suburban Autonomy to a Working Regionalism......Page 380
Key Terms......Page 382
10. Regional Governance in a Global Age......Page 384
Old-Style Restructuring: Annexation, Consolidation, and Metropolitan Government......Page 386
Is Metropolitan Government Really Desirable? Two Contrasting Schools of Thought......Page 403
Regional Cooperation, Old Style......Page 406
A New Regionalism for the Twenty-First Century: Improving Regional Governance, Not Creating Regional Government......Page 420
Building Regional Coalitions......Page 423
Conclusion: Governing Regions in a Global Age......Page 426
Key Terms......Page 429
11. The Intergovernmental City: State and National Policy......Page 431
The Constitutional Basis for Federal Urban Programs: Cooperative Federalism......Page 432
Grants-in-Aid: The Fuel of Cooperative Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations......Page 435
Types of Grants......Page 437
The Grant System: Its Accomplishments and Problems......Page 441
Why the United States Has No National Urban Policy......Page 446
Urban Policy for an Anti-Urban Age: Bill Clinton’s “Stealth” Urban Approach......Page 449
Barack Obama’s Hybrid Urban Approach......Page 451
The Continuing Importance of the States......Page 455
Conclusion: Finding Ways to Create Partnerships in an Anti-Urban Policy Age......Page 460
Key Terms......Page 462
12. The Future of Urban America......Page 464
The Continuing Emphasis on Economic Development......Page 465
The Future of Minority Empowerment......Page 469
Urban Policy in a Suburban Age: The End of Urban Policy?......Page 474
Toward Sustainable Cities......Page 481
The Urban Future: U.S. Cities in a Global Age......Page 496
Key Terms......Page 497
Notes......Page 499
Index......Page 598