Urban Metabolism and Climate Change: Perspective for Sustainable Cities

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I Urban Metabolism and Climate Change: An Introduction
1 Urban Metabolism and Global Climate Change: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Changing Climate and Urban Metabolism: Research Trend Analysis
1.3 Metabolism in Cities: Analytical Approaches
1.3.1 Material Flow-Based Approaches
1.3.2 Energy Flow-Based Approaches
1.4 Climate Change and Sustainability in Urban Metabolism
1.5 Urban Metabolism and Disaster Resilience
1.6 Urban Metabolism and Sustainable Urban Planning
1.7 Ecosystem Services and Urban Metabolism
1.8 Urban Metabolism and Circular Bio-economy
1.9 Smart Urban Metabolism (SUM)
1.10 Digitalization: An Approach to Circular and Smart Urban Metabolism
1.11 Governing the Urban Metabolism: Policy Approaches
1.12 Interdisciplinary Understanding of Urban Metabolism
1.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Part II Urban Metabolism and  Sustainability: Case Studies
2 Interlinkages Between Urban Metabolism and Sustainability: An Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concept of Urban Metabolism: Origin and Evolution
2.2.1 Urban Metabolism in the Twentieth Century
2.2.2 Measurement Methods of Urban Metabolism
2.3 Urban Sustainability
2.4 Inter-Linkages Between Urban Metabolism and Sustainability
2.5 Phases of Urban Metabolism Leading Towards Sustainability
2.6 Challenges for Urban Sustainability
2.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
3 Urban Metabolism—An Approach for Enhancing Resilience
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Connecting the Dots: Urban Metabolism, Urban System, and Urban Morphology
3.2.1 The City as a System Serving the Needs of Its Community
3.2.2 A Look at the Effects of Urban Morphology on the Metabolism of Cities
3.2.3 Metabolism in Cities: A Material Flow Analysis Approach
3.3 The Contributions of Urban Metabolism Toward Resilient and Sustainable City
3.3.1 Historical Perspective on the Development of the Idea of the Urban Metabolism
3.3.2 Integration of Urban Metabolism and Disaster Resilience and How They Can Support Sustainable Development
3.4 Enhancing Climate Resilience Through Urban Metabolism
3.4.1 Case Study of Bali, Indonesia
3.4.2 Case Study of Jakarta Province, Indonesia
3.4.3 Case Study of Taipei, Taiwan
3.4.4 Case Study of Budapest, Hungary
3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
4 Urban Metabolism to Understand Changes in Urban Ecology: A Case of Bengaluru
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Urban Metabolism
4.2.1 Social Metabolism
4.2.2 Political Metabolism
4.2.3 Economic Metabolism
4.2.4 Spatial Metabolism
4.3 Urban Vegetation Metabolism
4.3.1 Transformation of Urban Vegetation
4.4 Urban Lawn Metabolism
4.4.1 Detection of Lawns—First Survey
4.4.2 Lawn Spaces in the City
4.4.3 Surveying Lawn Proportions Across the City—Second Survey
4.4.4 Spatial Distribution of Lawns in the City
4.5 Transformation of Urban Temperature Pattern
4.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
5 City Core and Urban Sprawl
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Concept of Urban Metabolism
5.3 Evolution and Relationship of Urban Sprawl and the Accompanying Urban Center
5.4 Heterogeneity in the Flow of the Systems in Urban Sprawl-Case Studies
5.4.1 The Case of Megacity Urban Sprawl: Delhi Metropolitan Region
5.5 Understanding of the Urban Sprawl Metabolism for Sustainable Development
5.5.1 Urban Infrastructure and Urban Sprawl Metabolism
5.5.2 Urban Sprawl Metabolism Framework
5.6 Recommendations for Future Perspectives
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings: An Ecological Indicator
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.3 Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings for Urban Metabolism
6.4 Case Studies of Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings
6.4.1 Case Study 1: Aman House, Pakistan
6.4.2 Case Study 2: Clergy House (CH), Sweden
6.4.3 Case Study 3: Esmail House (EH), Bahrain
6.5 Discussion: Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings to Promote Urban Sustainability
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Integrating Ecological and Social Concepts for Urban Metabolism Studies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 State of the Art
7.3 Ecosystem Concept in Urban Metabolism
7.4 Social Dimensions in Urban Metabolism
7.5 Analytical Frameworks
7.6 Conclusion
References
Part III Sustainable Urban Metabolism and Urban Planning
8 Role of Sustainable Urban Metabolism in Urban Planning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Survey and Analysis
8.3 Applications of Urban Metabolism for Sustainable Urban Planning
8.3.1 Sustainability Indicators
8.3.2 Contributions to the Central Greenhouse Gas Estimation
8.3.3 Mathematical Models for Policy Examination
8.3.4 Plan Apparatus
8.4 Policies Governing Urban Planning
8.4.1 Neo-Traditional Development Model
8.4.2 Compacted City Model
8.4.3 City Confinement Model
8.4.4 Eco-City Model
8.5 Limitations of Urban Metabolism
8.5.1 Data Scarcity at the City Level
8.5.2 Urban Metabolism Studies Have Extensive Data and Resource Needs
8.5.3 Difficulties in Recognising “Cause and Effect” Associations
8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
9 Urban Metabolism in the Circular Bio-economy of Tomorrow
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste and Sewage Management
9.2.1 Sewage—Urine and Excreta
9.2.2 Food Wastes
9.2.3 Bioenergy
9.3 Summary and Conclusions
References
10 Closing the Urban Waste Loop-Delivering Environmental and Financial Sustainability
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Urban Wastes and Global Warming
10.1.2 Wider Issues of Pollution, Especially by Pharmaceutical Drug Residues
10.1.3 Formulating a Strategy
10.1.4 Biological Processes
10.1.5 Problems in Implementation
10.1.6 Types of Wastes
10.2 Managing Environmental Safety: The Basic Technology of the Closed Loop
10.2.1 The Mycorrhizal Closed Conduit and Why Natural Ecosystems Do Not Leak Nutrients
10.2.2 Why Soil Universes Do Not Pollute Themselves?
10.2.3 Heavy Metal Tolerance
10.2.4 Professional Enablement Versus Regulation
10.3 Results
10.3.1 Reverse Franchise Growth
10.3.2 Reducing Pollution of Soils and Groundwater
10.3.3 Reducing Cultivation Energy
10.3.4 Increase in Soil Biological Activity and Biodiversity up the Food Chain
10.3.5 Reducing Irrigation Need
10.3.6 Increasing Crop Yields
10.4 Reclaiming Desert
10.4.1 Reclaiming Desert
10.5 Halting Global Warming
10.5.1 The Soil as a Processor, Bio-active Carbon
10.6 Further Development
10.6.1 Laboratory Study of Recycling a Microplastic
10.7 Discussion
10.8 Conclusions
References
11 Transitioning Urban Agriculture to a Circular Metabolism at a Neighbourhood Level
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Urban Metabolism and Circular Economy (CE)
11.3 Urban Agriculture and Its Role in Urban Metabolism
11.4 Circular Economy in Indian Agriculture: Rethinking Growth and Prosperity
11.5 Benefits of Circular Economy
11.6 Why Circular Economy Is the Need of an Hour?
11.7 Case Study: Conversion of Agricultural Residues into Protein Biomass by Milky Mushroom Fungus Calocybe indica Var. Apk2 Through Solid State Fermentation by Priyadharshini Bhupathi and Krishnamoorthy Akkana Subbaiah (Bhupathi and Subbaiah 2020)
11.8 Conclusions
11.9 Recommendations
References
12 Eight years to Go, to Meet the SDG Targets: Waste Management as Enabler and Enabled
12.1 Introduction and Motivation
12.2 Discussion
12.2.1 SDG 1—End to Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere
12.2.2 SDG 2—Food Security, Improved Nutrition, Sustainable Agriculture, End to Hunger
12.2.3 SDG 3—Healthy Lives and Well-Being for All at All Ages
12.2.4 SDG 4—Inclusive, Equitable Quality Education and Lifelong Learning Opportunities
12.2.5 SDG 5—Gender Equality and Women Empowerment
12.2.6 SDG 6—Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All
12.2.7 SDG 7—Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All
12.2.8 SDG 8—Sustained, Inclusive, Economic Growth, Decent Work, Productive Employment
12.2.9 SDG 9—Resilient Infrastructure, Sustainable Industrialisation and Innovation
12.2.10 SDG 10—Reduction of Inequality Within and Among Countries
12.2.11 SDG 11—Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements
12.2.12 SDG 12—Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
12.2.13 SDG 13—Combating Climate Change and Its Repercussions
12.2.14 SDG 14—Conservation of Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources
12.2.15 SDG 15—Conservation of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Forests and Biodiversity
12.2.16 SDG 17—Revitalised Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
12.3 Summary and Conclusions
References
13 Emerging Approaches for Sustainable Urban Metabolism
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Urban Planning and Sustainable Resources Utilization
13.2.1 Urbanization and Urban Environment
13.2.2 Changes in Land Use Pattern
13.2.3 Resource Availability and Utilization
13.2.4 Encroachment on Land and Overexploitation of Water Resources
13.2.5 Impact on Water and Ambient Air Quality
13.3 Waste Generation and Management
13.3.1 Wastewater
13.3.2 Emission of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases
13.3.3 Vehicular Emission
13.4 Sustainable Approaches for Green Cities
13.4.1 Green Building and Cities
13.4.2 Safe Water Supply and Sanitation
13.4.3 Renewable Energy Use (E-Vehicle)
13.4.4 Zonation (Residential, Industrial, and Eco-Sensitive Zone)
13.4.5 Recycling and Recovery of Resources
13.4.6 Restoration of the Ecosystem
13.5 Advances in Technologies for Urban Management
13.5.1 Sources Control Technology for Air Pollutant Management
13.5.2 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) and Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) for Wastewater Treatment
13.5.3 Rainwater Harvesting
13.5.4 Solid Waste Management
13.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
14 Species Selection in Urban Forestry—Towards Urban Metabolism
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Selection of Tree Species in Relation to Site Conditions
14.2.1 Grandeur of the Size
14.2.2 Branching Pattern
14.2.3 Tree Form
14.2.4 Foliage Colour
14.2.5 Elegance of Foliage
14.2.6 Density and Pattern of Foliage in Relation to Shade
14.2.7 Harmony of Line and Symmetry of Form
14.2.8 Stem Bark Characteristics
14.2.9 Floral Display
14.3 Selection of Species to Control Pollution
14.3.1 Species to Control Air Pollution
14.3.2 Species to Control Noise Pollution
14.3.3 Species to Control Water Pollution
14.4 Trees/Urban Forest to Combat Global Warming
14.5 Trees Representing Various Zodiac Signs
14.6 Other Considerations for Urban Plantings
14.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Part IV Smart Urban Metabolism
15 Geospatial Analyses for Urban Metabolism and Climate Change
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Datasets
15.3.1 WorldView-2
15.3.2 New York (NYC) Topo Bathymetric Data
15.3.3 2015 Street Tree Census
15.3.4 Summary of Datasets Used in the Study
15.4 Methodology and Analyses
15.4.1 Land Cover Classification and Vegetation Extraction
15.4.2 Above-Ground Estimation Model
15.4.3 Grassland and Low Bush Area
15.4.4 Forest/Tree Cover
15.4.5 Biophysical Metrics
15.4.6 CO2 Sequestration Amount
15.4.7 CO2 Estimation of Grass Area
15.5 Results and Discussion
15.5.1 Land Cover Classification
15.5.2 Regression Model
15.5.3 Annual CO2 Sequestration of Grassland
15.5.4 Demographic Data and the CO2 Sequestration
15.6 Conclusions
References
16 Smart Urban Metabolism: A Big-Data and Machine Learning Perspective
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Barriers and Opportunities of Smart Urban Metabolism (SUM)
16.3 Population and Smart Urban Metabolism Challenges
16.4 Resource Management
16.5 Big-Data Technology and Smart Urban Metabolism (SUM)
16.6 Big-Data Solutions—Storage, Processing, and Analysis
16.7 Role of Big-Data Solutions in Smart Urban Metabolism (SUM)
16.8 Machine Learning (ML) and Its Role in the Smart Urban Metabolism (SUM)
16.9 Building a Machine Learning (ML) Model for SUM
16.10 Example of Machine Learning (ML) in Smart Urban Metabolism (SUM)
16.11 Conclusions
References
Part V Policy Interventions on Urban Metabolism
17 Policy Initiatives on Urban Metabolism in Ghana (2002–2021)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Urban Metabolism
17.3 Selected Policy Initiatives
17.3.1 National Urban Policy (2012)
17.3.2 Addressing the E-Waste Menace
17.3.3 Ghana Landfill Guidelines (2002)
17.3.4 Ghana National Healthcare Waste Management and Guidelines Policy (2020)
17.3.5 Renewable Energy Act, 2011 (Act 832)
17.3.6 National Housing Policy, 2015
17.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References