Urban Environment and Smart Cities in Asian Countries: Insights for Social, Ecological, and Technological Sustainability

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Introduction
1 Urban Sustainability: The Way Forward
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Research Design
1.4 Analysis, Discussion and the Findings
1.4.1 Urban Sustainability: Issues and Challenges
1.4.2 Consequences of Unsustainable Urbanization
1.4.3 Urban Sustainability: The Way Forward
1.5 Conclusion
References
Part II Urban Land Use Dynamics and Changing Biodiversity
2 Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Changing Face of Wetland: A Case Study of Berhampore Municipality, Murshidabad, West Bengal (India)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Objectives
2.3 Study Area
2.4 Materials and Methodology
2.4.1 Supervised Image Classification
2.4.2 Accuracy Assessment
2.4.3 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
2.4.4 Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
2.4.5 Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)
2.4.6 Normalized Difference Pond Index (NDPI)
2.4.7 Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI)
2.4.8 Statistical Measures
2.5 Results and Discussion
2.5.1 Population Concentration
2.5.2 Landuse and Land Cover Change
2.5.3 NDWI
2.5.4 MNDWI
2.5.5 NDBI
2.5.6 NDPI
2.5.7 NDTI
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Assessing the Impact of Urban Growth and Green Space Dynamics on Microclimate in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Siliguri City, West Bengal, India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Materials and Methods
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Siliguri City
3.4.2 Spatial Analysis of BI
3.4.3 Spatial Analysis of NDVI
3.4.4 Analysis of Land Surface Temperature
3.4.5 Relationship Between LST, NDVI and BI
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 The Pattern of Urbanization and Fluctuations in the Urban Hierarchy of Haryana, India
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Urbanization: Universal and Indian Perspective
4.3 Objectives of the Study
4.4 Materials and Methods
4.5 Study Area
4.6 Results and Discussion
4.6.1 Comparative Urban Scenario of Nation and State: 1901–2011
4.6.2 Urbanization in Haryana from Early Formation to the Continuing Census (1971–2011)
4.6.3 The Concentration of Urban Population in Haryana
4.6.4 Sequential Vacillation in Numbers and Populations in the Urban Class Structure of Haryana
4.7 Association Between Urbanization and Some Related Urban Phenomenon
4.8 Conclusion
4.9 Suggestions/Recommendations
References
5 Assessment of Land Use-Land-Cover Maps for Detecting Change of Selected Quality of Urban Life in Purulia Municipality Area: A Case Study
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Study Area
5.2.2 Methodology
5.3 Results and Discussions
5.3.1 Analysis of Changing Scenario by LULC Maps: Residential Areas
5.3.2 Analysis of Changing Scenario by LULC Maps: Wetlands
5.3.3 Analysis of Changing Scenario by LULC Maps: Market Areas
5.3.4 Analysis of Changing Scenario by LULC Maps: Overall Change of LULC During 36 years
5.3.5 Analysis of QoUL with the Changing LULC: Impact on Social, Physical and Psychological Health
5.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
6 Assessing the Recent Trends of Land Use Pattern with Contemporary Issues by the Use of RS and GIS Techniques: A Case Study on Moyna Block, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal (India)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study Area
6.3 Materials and Methodology
6.3.1 Data Sources
6.3.2 Methodology
6.4 Result and Discussion
6.4.1 Accuracy Assessment
6.4.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
6.4.3 LULC Status Analysis
6.4.4 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection (Error) Matrix
6.4.5 Gain and Loss of LULC (NET Change)
6.5 Conclusion
References
Part III Climate Change and Urban and Smart Cities Health and Waste Management
7 A State-of-the-Art Report on Solid Waste Management of Guwahati City, Assam, India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.3 Solid Waste Generation and Characterization
7.4 Present Situation of the MSW Management in Guwahati
7.4.1 Storage of MSW
7.4.2 Collection and Transportation of MSW
7.4.3 Waste Segregation
7.4.4 Processing of Waste
7.5 COVID-19 and Its Effect on Biomedical Waste Generation
7.5.1 Rules and Regulations of Biomedical Waste Management
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Solid, Biomedical and COVID-19 Waste Management in Bankura Municipality, Bankura, West Bengal—A Gap Analysis Between Policies and Practices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Rationale of the Study
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.4.1 Solid Waste Management
8.4.2 Biomedical Waste Management
8.4.3 COVID Waste Management
8.5 Limitations of the Study
8.6 Existing Gap and Suggestions
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Assessment of Land Surface Temperature Using Landsat Images: A Case Study on Durgapur Municipal Corporation, West Bengal, India
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Objectives
9.3 Study Area
9.4 Database and Methodology
9.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
9.4.2 Built Up Index (BUI)
9.4.3 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
9.4.4 Statistical Measures
9.5 Result and Discussion
9.5.1 Analysis of NDVI
9.5.2 Analysis of NDBI
9.5.3 Analysis of Built Up Index (BUI)
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Air Quality Trend in Trichy District of Tamil Nadu, India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Rationale of the Study
10.3 Materials and Methods
10.3.1 Study Area
10.3.2 Data
10.3.3 Study Periods
10.3.4 AQI Categories
10.3.5 Analysis of Individual Air Pollutant Concentration
10.4 Results
10.5 Discussions
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Open Landfill Site and Threat to the Proximity Resident’s: Addressing Perceived Consequences of Unscientific Solid Waste Dumping Using GIS Techniques
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Location of the Study Area
11.3 Materials and Methodology
11.3.1 Participants and Sampling Technique
11.3.2 Gridding Based GIS Approach
11.3.3 Formulating Questionnaire Design and Data Collection Strategy
11.3.4 Landfill Satisfaction Index (LSI)
11.4 Results
11.4.1 Demographic Characteristics
11.4.2 Spatial Analysis of Perceived Impacts Due to Open Landfill
11.4.3 Impact of Proximity on Perceived Impact of Landfill
11.5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
12 Smart Cities and Associated Solid Waste, Biomedical Waste, E-Waste Issues, and Management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Development of the Smart Cities
12.2.1 Global Scenario
12.2.2 Indian Scenario
12.2.3 Waste Management Issues
12.3 Solid Waste Generation and Handling Trends Associated with Smart Cities in India
12.3.1 E-waste Generation and Management
12.3.2 Biomedical Waste Generation and Management
12.3.3 Introduction of Smart Technologies
12.4 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Part IV Advances in Urbanism and Smart Cities Socio-environmental Perspectives
13 Teenagers, Cyberbullying and Cyber Security Measures: An Insight in Urban India
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methods and Materials
13.2.1 Sampling Procedure
13.2.2 Instrument, Measures and Data Analysis
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Frequency of Sharing Password
13.3.2 Personal Information Disclosed on Social Networks
13.3.3 Information Disclosed to Strangers on Social Networks
13.3.4 Accepting Invitation from Strangers on Social Networks to Meet
13.3.5 Posting of Private Digital Materials
13.3.6 Making Fun of Friends on Social Network
13.3.7 Frequency of Bullying Activity
13.3.8 Quantity of Safety Measures Adopted Online
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Exploring the Transformation of Agrarian Villages into Global Cultural Urban Centres Through GIS and Reaffirmation Method: An Enquiry on ISKCON, Mayapur of West Bengal (India)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Rationale of the Study
14.3 Objectives
14.4 Materials and Methods
14.4.1 Study Area
14.4.2 Database
14.4.3 Respondents’ Categorization
14.4.4 Image Processing
14.4.5 Statistical Techniques
14.5 Results and Discussions
14.5.1 Historical Background of ISKCON-Related Tourism in Mayapur
14.5.2 Agrarian Identity Versus Cultural Modernization of the Study Villages
14.6 Limitations of the Study
14.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
References
15 Art and the City: An Exploration of Creatives’ Lived Realities in the Context of Cebu’s Place Branding Initiative
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Rationale of the Study
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Official Narratives of the City
15.4.2 Independent Artists and Community Discourse
15.4.3 Negotiation in City Planning and Everyday Creative Planning
15.5 Recommendations
15.6 Conclusions
References
16 Strengthening Climate Change Governance & Smart City Through Smart Education in Bandung Indonesia
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methodology and Analysis
16.3 Discussions and Results
16.3.1 Smart City as a Resilience for the Bandung City in Facing Vulnerability
16.3.2 Education Solution for Vulnerability and Resilience in Smart City Bandung
16.4 Conclusion
References
Part V Urban Environmental Management, Solutions, and Sustainable Future Smart Cities
17 Site Suitability Analysis for New Urban Development Using Fuzzy-AHP and DEMATEL Method: A Case of Mixed Agricultural-Urbanized Landscape of Burdwan Town, West Bengal, (India)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 About Study Area
17.3 Materials and Methods
17.3.1 Data Collection and Preparation
17.3.2 Integrated Fuzzy AHP and DEMATEL Methods
17.3.3 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)
17.3.4 DEMATEL Method
17.3.5 Factors Influencing New Urban Development
17.3.6 Standardization of Criteria
17.3.7 Determination of Weights
17.3.8 Criteria Restriction Map
17.3.9 New Urban Suitability Map (NUSM)
17.3.10 Validation of New Urban Development Model
17.4 Results
17.4.1 Site Suitability Analysis for New Urban Development
17.4.2 New Urban Suitability Map
17.5 Discussion
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Inconveniences and Mobility Issues of Elders on Road: The Case of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, West Bengal, India
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Objectives
18.3 Materials and Methods
18.3.1 Study Area
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
18.4.2 The Growth of Vehicles and Elderly Population in Kolkata Municipal Corporation
18.4.3 Inconveniences Faced by the Elders
18.5 Findings
18.6 Recommendation
18.7 Conclusion
Appendix
References
19 Assessing Housing Condition and Quality of Life in Midnapore Town, West Bengal, India: Analysis of 2011 Census
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theoretical Orientation of the Research
19.3 Study Area
19.4 Materials and Methods
19.5 Result
19.5.1 Inequality in the Housing Condition
19.5.2 Development Indicators and Housing Conditions
19.6 Discussion
19.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
Appendix
References
20 Transport as a Driver of Sustainable Urban Growth: Evidence from Ankara, Turkey and Kolkata, India
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Background Information on the Two Cities
20.3 Urban Transport Systems of Two Cities
20.3.1 Road Infrastructure
20.3.2 Public Transport
20.3.3 Freight Movements and Logistics
20.3.4 Non-motorised Transport
20.3.5 New Technologies and Solutions
20.4 Master Plans for Sustainable Urban Transport
20.5 Evaluation of the Sustainability of Transport Systems of Ankara and Kolkata
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 Neighbourhood Level Geospatial Heterogeneity of WASH Performance in Indian Two Metropolitan Cities: Kolkata and Chennai
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.3 Methodology
21.3.1 Database
21.3.2 Measures of the WASH Performance Index
21.4 Results
21.4.1 Geospatial Inequality and Pattern in the Distribution of WASH Facilities
21.4.2 Spatial Heterogeneity and Local Pattern of WASH Facilities
21.4.3 Spatial Dependence and Pattern of WASH Performance
21.5 Discussion
21.6 Conclusion
Appendix 1: Location and administrative setup of Kolkata and Chennai
Appendix 2
References
22 Spatial Variation of Overall Infrastructural Development Index (OIDI) in Census Towns: A Study of Indo-Gangetic Plain Region, India
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Relevance of the Included Agenda: ‘Census Town’
22.2 Materials and Methods
22.3 Study Area
22.4 Result and Discussion
22.4.1 Physical Infrastructural Index (PII)
22.4.2 Social Infrastructural Index (SII)
22.4.3 Economic Infrastructural Index (EII)
22.4.4 Overall Infrastructural Development Index (OIDI)
22.4.5 State-Wise Distributional Scenario of Major Indicators
22.5 Policy Proposal: Rational Development of Infrastructure
22.6 Conclusion
References
23 Spatio-Temporal Urban Sprawl of Sargodha City, Punjab, Pakistan
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The Study Area
23.3 Research Methodology
23.3.1 Data Sources
23.3.2 Remotely Sense Data
23.3.3 Secondary Data
23.3.4 Census Data
23.3.5 Selection of Bands
23.3.6 Monitoring of Urban Sprawl
23.3.7 Accuracy Assessment
23.4 Results and Discussion
23.4.1 Change in Population of the City
23.4.2 Urban Sprawl in Sargodha City
23.4.3 Variation in Land Use Pattern
23.4.4 Accuracy Assessment of Classified Images
23.4.5 Change Detection of Urban Land Use During 1987–2017
23.4.6 Increase Population and Urban Sprawl
23.4.7 Dynamic Urban Sprawl Monitoring
23.4.8 Urban Sprawl Impact Land Surface Temperature
23.5 Conclusion
References
24 Greenswales: A Nature-Based Solution to Have High-Performing Urban Water Systems
24.1 Background
24.1.1 Hypothesis—Concept of Greenswales
24.2 Method
24.3 Results and Discussion
24.3.1 Benefits of Natural Channels
24.3.2 Benefits of Greenspaces
24.3.3 Characteristics of Greenswales
24.4 Conclusion
24.4.1 Limitations and Scope for Future Research
References
25 Impact Analysis of Deep Static Bluespace on Urban Heat Island: Case of Chandigarh
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Materials and Method
25.2.1 Study Overview
25.2.2 Study Area
25.2.3 Data
25.2.4 Land Surface Temperature Retrieval
25.2.5 Brightness Temperature (T10)
25.2.6 Effective Mean Atmospheric Temperature (Ta)
25.2.7 Atmospheric Transmittance (τ10)
25.2.8 Waterbody Extraction
25.2.9 Local Climate Zone Classification
25.2.10 Validation and Accuracy Assessment
25.2.11 Waterbody Thermal Impact Calculation
25.2.12 Statistical Analysis
25.3 Results
25.4 Discussion
25.4.1 Waterbody Impact on Land Surface Temperature
25.4.2 Influence of LCZ on Waterbody Impact
25.4.3 Implication of Waterbody Thermal Impact on Urban Planning
25.4.4 Limitation and Scope of Future Research
25.5 Conclusion
References